The dispersal of the weight of the road train along several running axles makes it possible to reduce the specific axial weight and, with a significant increase in load capacity compared to single vehicles, use road trains on public roads. At the same time, the use of trailers as independent transport links in the composition of the road train leads to an increase in overall dimensions, mainly along the length of the road train. The increase in overall length and the presence of articulated joints between the links of the road train negatively affects such operational properties of the vehicle as maneuverability. For trailers, the length of the drawbar is chosen constant and maximum, ensuring unhindered folding of the links of the transport train at any turning radii that take place in operational conditions. At the same time, the maximum length of the drawbar is necessary only for small turning radii; in straight-line motion, such a length dimension of the drawbar is not required.

Adjustment of the drawbar length is possible by modernizing and using traction-coupling devices that ensure the maintenance of the optimal length of the drawbar depending on the turning radius of the road train.

The article proposes a method for determining the minimum required drawbar length in case of unsteady movement on a turn for a road train in composition with a single-axle trailer. An analysis of the interdependencies of the folding angles of the road train, the angle of rotation of the steered wheels in the process of turning the road train by 90° with a stationary and adjustable drawbar length is carried out. According to the results of research, a number of patented technical solutions for traction-coupling devices with adjustable length of the trailer drawbar are presented, which have a positive effect on the safety of the road train under operating conditions.

Keywords: road train, traction-coupling device, adjustable drawbar length, road train folding angle, road train turning stages, curvilinear unsteady motion, rotation mode parameter, overall length of the road train.

Iurii N. Stroganov (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Lifting and Transport Machines and Robots, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin (19, Mira str., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russian Federation, e-mail: iu.n.stroganov@urfu.ru).

Elena M. Pampura (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) – Senior Lecturer, Department of Higher Mathematics, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin (19, Mira str., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russian Federation, e-mail: e.m.pampura@urfu.ru).

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The preparation of illustrations for the expert report is an important part of the evidence of his conclusions. With macro-, and even more so with microphotography of small objects of automotive expertise, technical difficulties arise that reduce the quality of perception of illustrations. This is the fuzziness of the image and its low detail. Therefore, the paper substantiates the criteria for the quality of such photographs and analyzes the illustrations obtained by different photographic equipment in terms of applicability in expert practice. It has been established that the best quality are photographs taken by digital cameras of Hi-End optical microscopes that use focus-stacking technologies when preparing a series of photographs. A series of images processed by special software allows you to get a sharp image across the entire field.

The study found that the quality of photographs acceptable for the analysis of defects is obtained by using special macro lenses at a 1:1 photography scale and APS-C or Micro Four Thirds format cameras. The cost of ownership of such equipment is greatly reduced in comparison with Hi-End optical microscopes.

In the case of high requirements for the quality of illustrations and the need for research in the field, the author proposed an independently created system for observing and fixing images based on a full-frame digital camera using high-quality microscope objectives with magnification of 1:5 and 1:10. According to the author, it fully provides the required image quality and the needs of automotive expertise in the preparation of photographs of small objects. The use of special focus-stacking programs allows you to get sharp photographs throughout the field. Examples of the use of such a system in automotive expertise are also given.

Keywords: forensic analysis photography, automotive component failures, focus-stacking, macrophotography, microphotography, quality, criteria, estimation.

Mikhail Yu. Petukhov  (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Automobiles and Technological Machines, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: pmu@pstu.ru)

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The existing means of measuring the strength of a road structure in terms of elastic deflection are low-performance and do not allow simultaneous diagnostics of the entire regional road network. The question arises of determining the relationship between the longitudinal evenness index and the strength of non-rigid pavements. As a result of the literature review, it was revealed that the issues of determining the dependencies between the longitudinal evenness index and roadway damage, as well as IRI and the strength of the road structure, are relevant both in Russia and in foreign countries. The aim of the study was to determine the dependence of the strength factor of the road structure on the evenness of the pavement. Based on the results of diagnostics of the regional road network of the Bykovsky district of the Volgograd region, a statistical analysis was carried out aimed at determining the laws of the IRI distribution. The normality of the International Roughness Index distribution law is confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov agreement criterion. A visual assessment of roadway defects was carried out on 9 highways with a total length of 30.977 km with different values of the longitudinal evenness index. The result of the research was a linear equation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.68, the use of which will determine the probable value of the strength factor depending on the evenness. The performed studies also made it possible to establish the dependence of the development of roadway defects on the indicator of longitudinal evenness, which is typical for the Volgograd region. The application of the model for predicting the strength of the road structure from evenness in practice will allow you to quickly determine the strength resource of road structures of the regional road network. The obtained dependence will facilitate the process of forming a program for the repair of the road network based on its annual diagnostics.

Keywords: longitudinal flatness, pavement strength, IRI, roadway, highway, pavement defect, road network.

Sergey V. Aleksikov (Volgograd, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Construction and Operation of Transport Structures, Volgograd State Technical University (1, Akademicheskaya str., Volgograd, 400074, Russian Federation, e-mail: al34rus@mail.ru).

Marina I. Tregubovva (Volgograd, Russian Federation) – Postgraduate of the Department of Construction and Operation of Transport Structures, Volgograd State Technical University (1, Akademicheskaya str., Volgograd, 400074, Russian Federation, e-mail: AMI97i@yandex.ru)

Darya R. Shiryashkina (Volgograd, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate of the Department of Construction and Operation of Transport Structures, Volgograd State Technical University (1, Akademicheskaya str., Volgograd, 400074, Russian Federation, e-mail: shiryashkina2017@yandex.ru)

Artem P. Tregubov (Volgograd, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate of the Department of Construction and Operation of Transport Structures, Volgograd State Technical University (1, Akademicheskaya str., Volgograd, 400074, Russian Federation, e-mail: treguartem@yandex.ru).

1. Hasan H. Joni, Miami M. Hilal, Muataz S. Abed. Developing international roughness index (IRI) model from visiblepavement distresses. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, no. 737. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/737/1/012119, available at: https://www.researchgate.net – англоязычная статья.

2. Merza, Taghreed, Mohammed Al-Jumaili A Review of Studying the Relationship of Traffic Stream Characteristics and Noise Intensity with Flexible Pavement Surface Condition IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020, no. 961. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012086, available at: https://www.researchgate.net – англоязычная статья.

3. Satkar Shrestha, Rajesh Khadka Assessment of Relationship between Road Roughness and Pavement Surface Condition. Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, 2021, no. 6, p. 177-185. DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38357, available at: https://www.researchgate.net – англоязычная статья.

4. Prasad, J, S. Kanuganti, R.Bhanegaonkar, A. Sarkar, S.Arkatkar Development of Relationship between Roughness (IRI) and Visible Surface Distresses: A Study on PMGSY Roads. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013, no. 104. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.125, available at: https://www.researchgate.net. – англоязычная статья.

5. Burtyl' Ju. V., Kapskij D.V. Modelirovanie vzaimosvjazi rovnosti i prochnosti nezhestkih dorozhnyh odezhd na osnovanii teoretichesko-prakticheskih issledovanij [Modeling the relationship between evenness and strength of non-rigid pavements based on theoretical and practical research]. Vestnik Sibirskogo gosudarstvennogo avtomobil'no-dorozhnogo universiteta, 2022, Vol. 19, no. 4 (86), pp. 570-583. DOI: 10.26518/2071-7296-2022-19-4-570-583.

6. Burty`l` Yu. V. Leonovich I.I. Vzaimozavisimosti rovnosti pokry`tiya i prochnosti dorozhnoj odezhdy` [Interdependence between the evenness of the pavement and the strength of pavement]. Stroitel`naya nauka i texnika, 2011, no. 1, pp. 76-80.

7. Burty`l` Yu. B., Solodkaya M.G., Kovalev Ya. N. Prognozirovanie rovnosti dorozhny`x pokry`tij [Forecasting the evenness of road surfaces]. Nauka i texnika, 2021, no. 3, available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prognozirovanie-rovnosti-dorozhnyh-pokrytiy (accessed 02 January 2023).

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10. Krasikov O.A., Kosenko I.N., Kasymov U. Sh. Obosnovanie uproshchennogo kriteriia v sisteme upravleniia dorozhnymi aktivami [Justification of the simplified criterion in the road asset management system]. Dorogi i mosty, 2018, no. 1 (39), 2 p.

11. Vasil'ev A.P. Spravochnaia entsiklopediia dorozhnika. Tom 2. Remont i soderzhanie avtomobil'nykh dorog [Reference encyclopedia of the road Builder. Repair and maintenance of roads. Volume 2], Moscow, Informavtodor, 2004, 1192 p.

12. Krivko E.V., Bazov V.V. Osobennosti planirovaniia meropriiatii po provedeniiu dorozhnoremontnykh rabot [Features of planning of actions for carrying out road repair works]. Dal'nii Vostok. Avtomobil'nye dorogi i bezopasnost' dvizheniia. Mezhdunarodnyi sbornik nauchnykh trudov, Khabarovsk, 2017, vol. 17, pp. 161-167.

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In areas with large elevation differences, the construction of buildings and structures is associated with additional engineering protection measures, such as strengthening slopes or installing retaining structures. For the arrangement of slopes, it is necessary to take into account the limited space and the allocation of large areas for them. The most common and well-established method for the engineering protection of slope areas is the installation of retaining structures. Retaining walls are classified according to many parameters. Specifically, according to the method of ensuring stability, they are divided into massive, with a soil counterweight, with embedment in the soil, thrust, anchor elements in accordance with SP 381.1325800.2018 Retaining structures. Design rules.

The most common and well-established way of constructing retaining walls is the use of monolithic or precast concrete. There are proven design approaches, extensive experience in construction practice. However, the construction of such structures is always associated with high labor intensity and the use of a large number of construction equipment. In recent years, traditional retaining walls have been actively replaced by simpler counterparts. Abroad, when building roads, builders seek to reduce financial and labor costs, therefore, along with the classic options for strengthening slopes, they use retaining structures made of reinforced soil with metal meshes or geotextiles. In this trend, our country is no exception, a lot of holding structures, in particular, from gabions, were erected in landslide and landslide-prone areas of the North Caucasus.

This article discusses the technical and economic comparison of three options for the construction of retaining structures from: precast concrete, gabions and reinforced soil.

Keywords: retaining wall, slope, gabions, reinforcing panel, geosynthetics, solid wall.

Marina D. Lotenkova (Perm, Russian Federation) – student of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky pr., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: marina.lotenkova@mail.ru).

Daniil А. Tatyannikov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Construction Production and Geotechnics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky pr., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: tatiannikovda.spg@yandex.ru).

1.  Lotenkova M.D., Tat'yannikov D.A. Raschet i proektirovanie podpornoj steny iz korobchatyh gabionov s armiruyushchej panel'yu dlya sklonovogo uchastka v g. Perm' [Calculation and design of a retaining wall from box-shaped gabions with a reinforcing panel for a slope area in Perm]. Sovremennye tekhnologii v stroitel'stve. Teoriya i praktika, 2022, pp. 195-202.
2.  Letter of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated August 05, 2022 No. 39010-IF / 09 «O rekomenduemoi velichine indeksov izmeneniia smetnoi stoimosti stroitel'stva v III kvartale 2022 goda, v tom chisle velichine indeksov izmeneniia smetnoi stoimosti stroitel'no-montazhnykh rabot, indeksov izmeneniia smetnoi stoimosti puskonaladochnykh rabot, indeksov izmeneniia smetnoi stoimosti proektnykh i izyskatel'skikh rabot».
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8.  Tat'yannikov D.A. Izuchenie mekhanicheskih harakteristik geosinteticheskih materialov dlya opredeleniya real'noj nesushchej sposobnosti armirovannyh fundamentnyh podushek [Study of the mechanical characteristics of geosynthetic materials to determine the real bearing capacity of reinforced foundation pads]. Vestnik grazhdanskih inzhenerov, 2015, no. 6 (53), pp. 121-127, available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25414526 (accessed 24 November 2022).
9.  Tat'yannikov D.A., Ponomarev A.B., Kleveko V.I., Schlömp S.H., Schwerdt S. Opredelenie harakteristik treniya dlya dvuh tipov geosinteticheskih materialov putem provedeniya ispytanij na sdvig. Vestnik Permskogo nacional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arhitektura, 2014, no. 1, pp. 174-186.
10. Ponomarev A.B., Ofrikhter V.G. Analiz i problemy issledovanii geosinteticheskikh materialov v Rossii. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2013, no. 2, pp. 68-73.
11. Tat'iannikov D.A. Primenenie peremennogo shaga armirovaniia geosinteticheskikh materialov v fundamentnykh podushkakh iz sviaznykh gruntov [Application of variable pitch of reinforcement of geosynthetic materials in foundation pads from continuous soils]. Construction and Geotechnics, 2022, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 126-135.
12. Bogomolov A.N., Ofrikhter V.G., Redin A.V., Bogomolova O.A., Bogomolov S.A. Otsenka ustoichivosti nagruzhennogo sklona v slozhnykh inzhenerno-geologicheskikh usloviiakh [Assessment of the stability of a loaded slope in complex engineering and geological conditions]. Construction and Geotechnics, 2022, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 70-85.
13. Burgonutdinov A.M., Istomina K.R., Kleveko V.I. Issledovanie raboty podpornykh konstruktsii s obratnoi zasypkoi iz armirovannogo grunta, a takzhe s ispol'zovaniem obratnoi zasypki iz fibroarmirovannoi zoly unosa [Study of retaining structures with reinforced soil backfill, and fiber reinforced fly ash backfill]. Transport. Transportnye sooruzheniia. Ekologiia, 2019, no. 3, pp. 15-22.
14. Ter-Martirosian Z.G., Ter-Martirosian A.Z., Akuletskii A.S. Napriazhenno-deformirovannoe sostoianie slabykh i nasypnykh gruntov, armirovannykh zhelezobetonnymi i gruntovymi svaiami sootvetstvenno [Stress-strein state of weak and filled soils reinforced with reinforced concrete and soil piles, respectively]. Vestnik MGSU, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 1182-1190.
15. Tsimbel'man N.Ia., Chernova T.I., Selivanova M.A., Red'ko V.S. 15. Issledovanie napriazhenno-deformirovannogo sostoianiia konstruktsii iz zapolnennykh obolochek [A research on the stress-strain behaviour of structures made of filled shells]. Vestnik MGSU, 2021, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 819-827.

Abstract: Currently, there is a problem with the disposal of pig waste throughout the Russian Federation. This article discusses the use of recycled solid and liquid pig waste as a modifier for oil road bitumen operated in the geopermafrost zone of Russia. In the United States and China, technologies have been developed to obtain oil from processed pig waste. As a starting material for obtaining a bitumen modifier, solid and liquid waste from the processing of pig manure after anaerobic digestion in a biogas plant is used. Works have been carried out to obtain feedstock for bitumen modification by anaerobic digestion in a laboratory accumulative psychrophilic anaerobic plant until complete decomposition of the loaded pig manure substrate, removal of moisture from the processed waste by drying in an oven and under natural conditions, grinding the resulting solid fraction first using a mortar and pestle, then loading the resulting mass into a laboratory ball mill, adding the resulting raw material to the BND 130/200 road oil bitumen in different proportions and mix using a laboratory mixer ML-2S, then we carry out primary laboratory tests in order to determine the change in the mass of bitumen during aging from exposure to high temperatures. As a result of the tests, it was found that when adding a dry pig manure processing product, the aging performance for each sample improves. Next, work will be carried out to determine the penetration, softening temperature, extensibility, adhesion to marble and sand for bitumen and the resulting bitumen composition.

Keywords: pig manure, bitumen, biogas technology, bitumen modifiers, bitumen aging, psychrophilic regime, bitumen composition.

Oleg S. Ediseev (Yakutsk, Russian Federation) – Post-Graduate Student of the Department "Operation of road transport and car service" of the Road Faculty of the North-Eastern Federal University. M.K. Ammosova (58, Belinsky str., Yakutsk, 677000, Russian Federation, e-mail: olegediseev@yandex.ru)

Varvara P. Druzyanova (Yakutsk, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the department "Operation of road transport and car service" of the Road Faculty of the North-Eastern Federal University. M.K. Ammosova (58, Belinsky str., Yakutsk, 677000, Russian Federation, e-mail: druzvar@mail.ru)

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The active spread of electric cars around the world leads to the need to solve the problems of creating, developing and improving infrastructure facilities, in particular the introduction of special charging infrastructure in cities and beyond.

One of the main tasks in solving such an issue is to directly determine the required number of charging stations that need to be installed within a certain territory in order to ensure both the possibility of comfortable, fast and safe movement of the population, and the optimal cost of operating organizations for the development of such networks. Currently, there is no standardized methodology for performing such calculations in the Russian Federation, which in turn is one of the factors that have a negative impact on the direct development of such innovations.

Within the framework of this work, the methodology for calculating the number of charging stations was tested, which was developed and presented earlier, both when performing manual calculations, and under the condition of using a specialized software product also prepared by the authors.

The paper presents the main stages of performing this calculation, as well as the issues of choosing a programming language that was later used to write the program code and the main stages of the software product operation process. The results of manual and automated calculations are presented, as well as the optimal variants of the proposed project obtained by the authors, based on approximate estimated economic benefits and costs of operating organizations, on the example of the largest settlements that are part of the Ural Federal District. Keywords: charging stations, electric cars, software product, Ural Federal District.

Keywords: charging stations, electric cars, software product, Ural Federal District.

Vera D. Timokhovets (Tyumen, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Highways and Airfields, Industrial University of Tyumen (38 Volodarsky Street, Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: timohovetsvd@tyuiu.ru).

Andrey R. Proshkin (Tyumen, Russian Federation) – Student, Department of Highways and Airfields, Industrial University of Tyumen (38 Volodarsky str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: andrey.proshkin.99@gmail.com).

1. Demidov D.I., Pugachev V.V. Prognoz global'nogo razvitija jelektrotransporta i infrastruktury jelektricheskih zapravochnyh stancij [Forecast of global development of electric transport and infrastructure of EV’s charging stations]. Izvestija Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2019, no. 5 (79), pp. 173-178.

2. Mo T, Li Y, Lau K-t, Poon CK, Wu Y, Luo Y. Trends and Emerging Technologies for the Development of Electric Vehicles. Energies, 2022, Vol. 15, No 17: 6271, doi: 10.3390/en15176271, available at: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/17/6271.

3. Omonov F.A., Sotvoldiyev O‘.U., Dehqonov Q.M. Electric Cars as the Cars of the Future. Eurasian Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2022, Vol. 4, pp. 128–133, available at: https://www.geniusjournals.org/index.php/ejet/article/view/916.

4. Jusupova O.A. Tekushhee sostojanie i trendy rynka jelektromobilej v Rossii i mire [Current state and trends of the electric vehicle market in Russia and the world]. JeTAP: jekonomicheskaja teorija, analiz, praktika, 2021, no. 6, pp. 131-143, doi: 10.24412/2071-6435-2021-6-131-143.

5. McKinsey Electric Vehicle Index: Europe cushions a global plunge in EV sales available at: https://www.libralato.co.uk/docs/McKinsey%20EV%20Index%202020.pdf.

6. Presnjakova E.V., Gurskij V.L., Muha D.V. Mirovoj rynok jelektrotransporta i perspektivy ego razvitija [The global electric transport market and its development prospects]. Minsk: Pravo i jekonomika, 2020, 104 p.

7. Kozar N.K., Kozar A.N. Budushhee avtomobil'noj industrii [The future of the automotive industry]. Aktual'nye problemy gumanitarnyh i estestvennyh nauk: Sbornik statej VI Mezhdunarodnoj konferencii professorsko-prepodavatel'skogo sostava. Cheboksary, 2022, pp. 278-281.

8. Il'icheva I.A., Plotkina U.I. Sravnitel'nyj analiz rynka jelektrozapravochnyh stancij v Rossii i v mire [Comparative analysis of the market of EV's charging stations in Russia and in the world]. Fundamental'nye i prikladnye issledovanija v oblasti upravlenija, jekonomiki i torgovli: Sbornik trudov vserossijskoj nauchnoj i uchebno-prakticheskoj konferencii. Sankt-Peterburg: POLITEH-PRESS, 2020, pp. 333-339.

9. Slobodjanjuk A.A. Razvitie jelektrotransporta i infrastruktury jelektricheskih zapravochnyh stancij [Development of electric transport and infrastructure of EV's charging stations]. Nauchno-tehnicheskie dostizhenija studentov, aspirantov, molodyh uchenyh stroitel'no-arhitekturnoj otrasli: Sbornik nauchnyh trudov VII Respublikanskoj konferencii molodyh uchenyh, aspirantov, studentov. Makeevka: Donbasskaja nacional'naja akademija stroitel'stva i arhitektury, 2021, pp. 209-214.

10. Babu K., Pratyush Chakraborty, Mayukha Pal. Planning of Fast Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles in a Distribution System and Prediction of Dynamic Price. Electrical Engineering and Systems Science, 2023, 10 p. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2301.06807, available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.06807.

11. Ma J, Zhang L. A Deploying Method for Predicting the Size and Optimizing the Location of an Electric Vehicle Charging Stations. Information, 2018, Vol. 9, no. 7, 19 p., doi: 10.3390/info9070170, available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/9/7/170#.

12. Kamol'ceva A.V., Pisarev G.A. Metodika opredelenija kolichestva jelektromobilej na tochku zarjadki [Methodology for determining the number of electric vehicles per charging point]. Vestnik nauchnyh konferencij, 2019, no. 6-2 (46), pp. 56-58.

13. Proshkin A.R. Faktory, vlijajushhie na opredelenie mestopolozhenija jelektrozapravochnyh stancij [Factors influencing the determination of the location of EV's charging stations]. Tradicii, sovremennye problemy i perspektivy razvitija stroitel'stva: Sbornik nauchnyh statej. Grodno: Grodnenskij gosudarstvennyj universitet imeni Janki Kupaly, 2022, pp. 183-185.

14. Kolichestvo sobstvennyh legkovyh avtomobilej na 1000 chelovek naselenija po sub#ektam Rossijskoj Federacii [The number of own passenger cars per 1000 people of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation]. Federal'naja sluzhba gosudarstvennoj statistiki. 2022, available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/obesp_legk_avto.xls (accessed 29 January 2023).

15. Paranok D.E. Analiz bazovyh jazykov programmirovanija [Analysis of basic programming languages]. Sovremennye informacionnye tehnologii v obrazovanii i nauchnyh issledovanijah (SITONI-2019): Materialy VI Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-tehnicheskoj konferencii. Doneck: Doneckij nacional'nyj tehnicheskij universitet, 2019, pp. 104-110.

In order to solve problems related to the organization of the passage of vehicles across the state border of the Russian Federation, the article considers the representation of automobile checkpoints in the form of queuing systems, for which the flow of cars passing state control is the flow of servicing applications entering the system.

The initial statistical information on the functioning of automobile checkpoints and the results of calculating the average time for passing checkpoints by various types of vehicles (cars, trucks and passengers) are given. The results of statistical processing of the obtained data are presented, on the basis of which empirical polygons and theoretical curves for the distribution of random values of the time it takes for vehicles to pass through checkpoints, including the time spent on control operations, are constructed. On the basis of a comparison of the obtained graphs, a hypothesis was formulated about the form of the distribution law of the random variables under study, for the verification of which the Pearson criterion was adopted as a generalizing measure.

As a result of the analysis, the hypothesis that random values of the time of passage of checkpoints by various types of vehicles obey the exponential distribution law has not been refuted. The legitimacy of applying the assumption of the simplest flow for flows of vehicles passing state control at the checkpoint is proved.

It is concluded that for the description in further studies of the simplest flow of vehicles passing control at the checkpoint, a sufficient condition will be its given intensity. The established provision will allow, when modeling the functioning of checkpoints, to apply the theory of queuing systems and solve the applied problem of determining the required capacity of storage areas for vehicles waiting to pass through the state border.

Keywords: road, automobile checkpoints, traffic intensity, capacity, data processing, queuing system, simplest flow.

Vitaly S. Shikovsky (Moscow, Russian Federation) – General Director of LLC «Geolight» (22, Andropov ave., Moscow, 115533, Russian Federation, e-mail: shikovsky@geolait.ru)

1. Avedisyan M.A. Razvitie mezhdunarodnyh transportnyh koridorov kak uslovie razvitiya transportnogo potenciala EAES [Development of international transport corridors as a condition for the development of the transport potential of the EAEU]. Sbornik nauchnyh statej 4-j Vserossijskoj nauchnoj konferencii perspektivnyh razrabotok molodyh uchenyh “Molodezh' i nauka: shag k uspekhu”. Kursk: YUgo-Zapadnyj gosudarstvennyj universitet, 2020, pp. 12-15.

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The purpose of the work is to analyze existing methods for improving the quality of traffic flows using landscape architecture and design and to determine the prospects for their further development. The object of the study is landscape architecture used in the organization of traffic flows in a large city.

The quality of human life in a big city depends on a number of factors, which include both transport services for the population and a comfortable urban environment, the use of landscaping, both in courtyards and on highways. The article analyzes ways to improve the quality and improve the appearance of traffic flows using the methods of landscape architecture and design. The issue of abandoning personal vehicles in favor of public transport, carsharing, bicycles has been studied in order to increase environmental friendliness and improve urban space. The influence of green spaces along the roads on traffic safety is described. The dynamics of changes in the number of road accidents in the Russian Federation for 2012–2021, which are decreasing due to the adoption of federal programs to reduce accidents, is considered. It is noted that 75 % of traffic accidents occur within settlements, the main reason is the human factor, reduced driver attention, poor visibility of road signs.

The data on the change in the concept of the use of landscaping of urban roads are given. It is noted that there is a refusal to plant large trees in favor of the widespread use of lawns and low shrubs. Examples of creating comfortable spaces on the way of traffic flows of both Russian and foreign cities are given, including the experience of several highways in the city of Bryansk.

Keywords: landscape architecture, landscaping, modern urban environment, pedestrian flows, traffic safety, passenger cars.

Serafima E. Prokopovich (Bryansk, Russian Federation) – student of thе «Landscape architecture and landscape construction» Department, Bryansk State University of Engineering and Technology (3, Stanke Dimitrov ave., Bryansk, 241037, Russian Federation, е-mail: valerarrrjjj@gmail.com)

Ivan I. Drakunov (Bryansk, Russian Federation) – student of thе «Transport and Technological Machines and Services» Department, Bryansk State University of Engineering and Technology (3, Stanke Dimitrov ave., Bryansk, 241037, Russian Federation, е-mail: drakunov_32rus@mail.ru)

Vladimir V. Sivakov (Bryansk, Russian Federation) – PhD in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of «Transport and Technological Machines and Services» Department, Deputy Director for Academic Work in Institute of Forest Complex, Transport and Ecology, Bryansk State University of Engineering and Technology (3, Stanke Dimitrov ave., Bryansk, 241037, Russian Federation, е-mail: sv@bgitu.ru)

Igor Y. Adamovich (Bryansk, Russian Federation) – PhD in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of «Landscape architecture and landscape construction» Department, Bryansk State University of Engineering and Technology (3, Stanke Dimitrov ave., Bryansk, 241037, Russian Federation, е-mail: igor_adamovich@mail.ru)

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In recent years, in our country, the construction of a large number of transport infrastructure facilities designed according to individual projects takes place in the context of the introduction of new, modern, progressive, experimental, lacking systematic experience in the use of constructive construction solutions, technologies and means of mechanizing construction processes, combined with the need to obtain required properties of structures and ensuring the economic feasibility of construction. When solving non-standard tasks and problem situations related to the design and construction of these new construction facilities or the reconstruction of existing ones, the most effective and reasonable approach is the use of scientific and technical support for construction. Scientific and technical support is not a fundamentally new direction in the development of construction science and construction business. Scientific research in relation to the search, development and improvement of the properties and features of the states of building materials, structures, methods of erection and control of construction results have been going on for several decades and are characterized by a recognized and well-established methodology, which is based on the concept of synthesis of theoretical and practical (natural, experimental) research methods. The paper considers the methodology of scientific and technical support in relation to the transport infrastructure object. The subject of activity of scientific and technical support is analyzed, which includes the analysis of the current state of construction objects, characterized by the presence of deviations (defects, deformations, changes in properties and states) from the initially established indicators of functional quality. An algorithm for revealing the parameters of properties and states has been developed using computational and experimental studies. The determining factors for making effective and rational decisions in relation to ensuring or increasing the indicators of the functional quality of a construction object have been identified. Recommendations are given for solving problem situations related to the elimination of manifestations of adverse factors.

Keywords: scientific and technical support, overpass structures, geotechnical calculations, field tests, reinforcement, technical regulations.

Il'ia V. Glushkov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Road and Bridges Department, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation,
e-mail: givperm@mail.ru).

Igor’ L. Bartolomei (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Road and Bridges Department, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation,
e-mail: barmadesu@yandex.ru).

Shokir Sh. Sharipov (Perm, Russian Federation) – undergraduate student, Road and Bridges Department, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: sh_2704@mail.ru).

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The concept of an avalanche is considered as one of the dangerous natural phenomena that affects the occurrence of emergency situations. The main causes of occurrence are given. General information on natural emergencies by the nature and type of sources of occurrence on the territory of the Russian Federation and statistics on the number of people affected by them are presented. Data are given for the districts and federal districts in which the largest number of incidents associated with avalanches occurs. A map of the distribution of avalanches on the territory of the Russian Federation is presented. Various classifications of avalanches, including genetic, as well as the typology of avalanches according to the set of rules, are considered and analyzed. The main domestic directions for the study of avalanches are identified. Schematically shows the influence of various factors and processes in the classification of avalanches. A review is given on the study of avalanches abroad, with a detailed analysis of the international classification. The purpose and importance of creating avalanche classifications are investigated. It is noted that the classifications are not final, as data are accumulated, they are replenished and expanded. Data on measures aimed at preventing and protecting against their gathering are given. Preventive, avalanche prevention and avalanche protection structures, their purpose and conditions of use are considered. Based on the existing typologies given in the reference literature and the current regulatory framework, a classification of avalanches for use in road construction has been developed. The influence of the availability of avalanche classification on the choice of avalanche prevention, avalanche protection structures and their parameters is described. The main directions for the study of avalanches for construction in avalanche-prone areas are outlined.

Keywords: highway, mountainous terrain, dangerous natural phenomenon, avalanche, avalanche danger, classification of avalanches, avalanche-averting structures, avalanche protection structures.

Alena A. Solodiankina (Perm, Russian Federation) – Master Student, Department of Roads and Bridges Subfaculty, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: aasolodyankina@yandex.ru).

Marina O. Karpushko (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Roads and Bridges Sub-faculty, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: mkarpushko@gmail.com).

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The article provides information about concrete-filled steel tubes, their advantages and disadvantages are considered. The world experience of using CFST in the construction of buildings and structures is briefly considered. The problem of the use of CFST structures in the construction of low-span bridges in case of absence of any standards and specifications for the calculation and design of CFST structures is considered.

The results of the experiment and numerical analysis of the bending CFST element work are analyzed. The influence of concrete grade, wall thickness, outer diameter of steel pipe and yield strength of steel on the bending strength of the CFST element is considered. Considered the contribution of the each part of CFST element – concrete and steel tube in the whole element bending capacity.

The results of the experiment are also compared with the calculation results for SP 266.1325800.2016 "Composite steel and concrete structures. Design rules". It was taken into account that the set of rules is advisory in nature and does not apply as Codes of norms to the bridge structures design and calculation. It is established that the calculation according to domestic standards gives a large grade of safety factor.

It is shown, that CFST structures application – a new direction in construction for domestic specialists. Despite the large number of CFST structures studies, there is currently no unified approach to their calculation and design. This obstacles development CFST using in bridge construction in Russia. It is concluded that the application of the SP 266.1325800.2016 code of rules «Composite steel and concrete structures. Design rules» may be justified when performing experimental design work for the design of low-span bridges construction using CFST elements.

Keywords: concrete-filled steel tubes, bending CFST element, concrete core, codes of norms for CFST design, low-span bridges construction.

Lyuciya Z. Yakupova (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) – student, Ural State University of Railway Transport (66, Kolmogorov str., Yekaterinburg, 620034, Russian Federation, e-mail: lyuciya.yakupova.01@mail.ru).

Konstantin Yu. Astankov (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) – Associate Professor, Department of Bridges and Transport Tunnels, Ural State University of Railway Transport (66, Kolmogorov str., Yekaterinburg, 620034, Russian Federation, e-mail: ast-most@yandex.ru).

Igor G. Ovchinnikov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Automobile roads and bridges, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave, Perm, 614990, Russian Federation), Professor, Department of Bridges and Transport Tunnels, Ural State University of Railway Transport (66, Kolmogorov str., Yekaterinburg, 620034, Russian Federation, e-mail: bridgesar@mail.ru).

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