Abstract:

Technical governance refers to governing activities in which scientific and technological advances are systematically applied for a more efficient functioning of society, especially in the political and economic spheres. Technical governance models are shaped by the cultural, political and social aspects of regions and countries. The national response to COVID-19 has highlighted differences between these models. For China, the theory of technical governance was of great importance in the modernization of society. It is a specific field of study in contemporary China and part of the philosophy of technology. This paper presents a way to rethink the contradictions between scientism and anti-scientism. Scientism claims that scientific and technological progress has reasonable foundations and strengthens the position of science. Anti-scientism criticizes science and technology and sees them as a threat to the modern world. The so-called “reconsideration approach” is not about finding a compromise, but about critically integrating these opposing views in order to build a theory of technical governance. Reconsideration approach is a deliberative, historical and concrete scientific study. In this context, the word “deliberative” means a multilateral view when addressing issues of science and technology policy. The term “historical” rejects the only true definition of technology and indicates that it changes over time. The word “specific” refers to an assessment of technical issues that should be considered in a specific context, taking into account differences between countries, regions, groups and participants. Through the reconsideration approach, technical governance can respond to the challenges created by emerging technologies. A good technology governance model should not only describe the mechanism for integrating new technologies into society but also correctly combine human and technical factors, taking into account the national context of the country. Thus, the reconsideration approach for technical governance is a dynamic theory that responds to new technological challenges.

Keywords:

technical governance, contemporary China, modernization of governance, reconsideration approach, scientism, anti-scientism, philosophy of technology, COVID-19.

Authors:

Yongmou Liu – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Professor in School of Philosophy,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5785-7553, e-mail: legend74@163.com.

Taicheng Tan – Lecturer in School of Marxism, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7894-0637, e-mail: legend74@163.com.

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Abstract:

With the rapid development of AI technology, robots are no longer restricted to industrial and social fields, and their cultural connotations should be paid more and more attention. The paper focuses on the robot culture within the scope of human culture and attaches importance to the inherent humanistic and cultural traditions of robots, which helps to understand the relationship between humans and machines and is also closely related to today’s robot application practice. Significant differences can be found in the robot culture between the East and the West. Germany（Europe and the United States）and Japan have formed anxiety- and visionary-type robot cultures respectively, which are closely related to their religious human relations and science fiction culture. In this article, using the example of the analysis of German and Japanese robotic cultures, the differences and specific features of literary images of robots are revealed on the basis of a direct dialogue between scientists of these countries. At the same time, the cultural roots of religion and science fiction, which have had a huge influence on the formation of German and Japanese robot culture, are explored. The attitude of scientists towards robots is rooted in their different cognitive attitudes regarding the nature of a human being and his interaction with the world. German robot culture represents classic anthropocentrism, in which humans occupy a central position in the universe. Japanese robot culture demonstrates a different - non-anthropocentric - concept of human beings, emphasizing the unity of technological artifacts and people. The study of robot culture is based on the method of cultural interpretation, data analysis and other methods. This article is based primarily on cultural components such as literature, religion, philosophy, as well as film and television. The discussion on the differences of robot culture can help to reflect on human nature and human culture. The discussion of robot ethics needs to have a cross-cultural perspective, and it can also bring inspiration to the construction of Chinese robot culture. Different from the European, the U.S. or Japanese robot culture, the “third Chinese robot culture” that is eclectic, pragmatic, active and emphasizes the coexistence of humans and machines is taking shape.

Keywords:

cultural robotics, robot culture, intercultural robotics, Buddhist robotics, Chinese robot culture

Authors:

Lin Cheng – Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor of the Department
of German Language, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0837-9129, e-mail: lin.cheng@gdufs.edu.cn.

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Abstract:

Technology is changing the world and becoming the world itself. The technical work as a world becomes a scheme that accommodates people and things in a seamless manner as they work together in an unforced manner. In generic terms, the relation of works and worlds, and the corresponding experience of a technical world is established with reference to Ludwig Wittgenstein. The practical and metaphorical example is the incubator for premature babies, which creates a safe atmosphere for the life of the newborn. The incubator represents a technically created world that becomes a protective «shell». The early adoption of digital technologies by children is also partly due to the desire of parents for safety and quiet. The success of early introduction to mobile devices relies greatly on new technological devices with touchscreens and visual interfaces. In the digital world, small children have much more power, agency, autonomy, the ability to change the environment, and at the same time have fun. Modern children enter the digital world at almost the same time as the physical world. They cannot distinguish digital and the physical worlds according to a criterion of reality. The convenient world of technology built by adults becomes a shell or even a trap for children that is perceived by them as a natural and necessary part of the world. Children perception becomes magical: they are affected by magic seduction of the touchscreen, which recomposes a reality that is interrupted, suspended, and returns it as modified, technicized.

Keywords:

human-technology interaction, digital technology, virtual worlds, children-technology interaction.

Authors:

Alfred Nordmann – Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Institute of Philosophy,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2173-4084, e-mail: nordmann@phil.tu-darmstadt.de.

Daria S. Bylieva – Candidate of Political Sciences, Associated Professor,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7956-4647, e-mail: Bylieva_ds@spbstu.ru.

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Abstract:

Assistive robotics can provide technological support to meet the growing demand for health and social care as people's physical and cognitive functions decline with age. Companion robots can help elderly people with tasks such as mobility, communication and self-care. But do we have the moral right to delegate the duties of medical personnel to robots? Can robots provide the proper quality of medical care? Such reflections on the future of “machine” healthcare raise serious ethical questions in the field of human-robot interaction and determine not only priority developments in the field of social robotics, but also technological culture as a whole. Contemporary research on ethical issues in the field of assistive robotics for elderly people can be distinguished from two directions - traditional philosophical speculation and applied research with an emphasis on the participation of various stakeholders. The article discusses these two directions in detail, as well as criticism of philosophical and theoretical attitudes from the “empiricists”. In particular, they argue that along with ethical analysis, social expertise and philosophical reasoning, new forms of reflection, dialogue and experimentation are needed that will be much closer to innovative practices and contexts of use. The methodological basis of the article is the principles of Technology Assessment (TA), transdisciplinary research strategies such as the RRI approach, as well as Value-Sensitive Design (VSD). The article describes new options for value-based design, such as Integrative social robotics (ISR), Care-Centered Value-Sensitive Design (CCVSD). These approaches are quite promising for solving philosophical and ethical problems in the field of social robotics for caring for the elderly. But more direct and indirect stakeholders need to be involved in the design and development of medical robots. Based on the Stakeholder Tokens method, it is shown how some ethical problems can be solved in a situation of value conflict between autonomy, human dignity and security.

Keywords:

assistive robotics, companion robots, elderly people, philosophy of technology, ethics, empirical research, stakeholders, technology assessment, value-sensitive design, ethics of care.

Authors:

Elena V. Seredkina – Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor
of Department of Philosophy and Law, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2506-2374, e-mail: elena_seredkina@pstu.ru.

Armin Grunwald – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Institute,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3683-275X, e-mail: armin.grunwald@kit.edu.

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Abstract:

The article discusses the topic of interaction between technology and human being through the prism of the cyborg concept. The author provides an introduction to this concept, starting with its invention by scientists Manfred Kleins and Nathan Kline in 1960, the subsequent interpretation of the cyborg phenomenon by modern philosophers, and further demonstrates how the problematics surrounding this concept is developed by the film director David Cronenberg in his movies. The relevance of this topic is determined by the fact that technology is currently developing so rapidly and intensively that literally before our eyes the integration of the products of these technologies into social life is beginning to have a serious impact on all its areas, and, according to a number of scientists, is capable of having a qualitative impact on human evolution. In this paper, the author uses the methods of film analysis and interpretation to the greatest extent, as these methods in combination allow us to deal with the movies on various levels in the most productive way. Based on the presented material, the author proves that the concept of the cyborg is a relevant and promising phenomenon that allows us to soberly reflect on the way humans are merging with technology and to predict what consequences this may lead to. For a multifaceted study of this topic, the author also touches upon such phenomena as the transformation of morality and social attitudes in a changing world. The author puts special emphasis on David Cronenberg's most recent film "Crimes of the Future", released in 2022, which, in the opinion of the author of the paper, is a definite manifesto in the career of the filmmaker, where he has collected the most important and significant positions from his previous works.

Keywords:

David Cronenberg, cyborg, Donna Haraway, Nancy Kathryn Hales, Rosa Braidoti, Peter Josten, Andy Clark, Crimes of the Future, mutations, science fiction.

Authors:

Oleg N. Gurov – Ph.D. in Philosophy, Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics; Associate Professor
Faculty of Philosophy, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-1338, e-mail: gurov-on@ranepa.ru.

References:

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Abstract:

The article is devoted to the most difficult period in the history of Perm medicine, associated with the recovery after the devastating civil war. It turned out to be the least studied in the historical discourse, although it was filled with tragic events: the destruction of urban infrastructure, including in the field of healthcare, the practical absence of medical personnel, the catastrophic epidemic situation in the city and countryside. Returning the situation to normal was complicated by the food and fuel crisis. And in 1921, the famous famine began in the Volga region, which also captured a number of districts of the Perm province and had a great impact on the state of medical care.

Based on archival sources that have not previously been introduced into scientific circulation, newspaper materials, and publications of that time, a description is given of the activities of doctors and paramedics in overcoming enormous difficulties in providing a minimum level of medical care to the population. The role of the Soviet and party leadership of the Perm province, provincial and district health departments in overcoming the most acute organizational and personnel problems in this area is revealed. Attention is drawn to the difficulties and unresolved problems in the fight against mass epidemic diseases and the dedicated work of medical personnel in these difficult historical conditions. Of undoubted interest is the initial period of formation of the pediatric service system in the province, the contribution of scientists and practitioners in providing medical care to newborns, young mothers and infants. The role and significance of the Faculty of Medicine of Perm University in the training of medical personnel, the work of teachers and students in practical healthcare is analyzed.

A special place is given to the analysis of the state of medical care in the initial period of the NEP. The main directions of implementation of these principles in the field of health care, their contradictory nature and the difficulties of their implementation on the territory of the Perm province until the end of 1923, when the zoning of the Urals took place, led to the liquidation of this territorial entity.

Keywords:

Perm province; social consequences of the Civil war; provincial health department; trade union "Medical and sanitary work"; fight against epidemics; famine of 1921-1922; formation of the system of protection of motherhood and childhood; medical Faculty of Perm University; new economic policy in the Urals.

Authors:

Mariya N. Korotkova – Candidate of Political Sciences, Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor of the Department
of the History of the Fatherland, History of Medicine, Political Science and Sociology, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4997-7109,
e-mail: korotkova_mariya@mail.ru.

Nikolai A. Nevostruev – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Assistant professor, Head of Department of the History of the Fatherland,
History of Medicine, Political Science and Sociology, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7336-0563, e-mail: nik772@yandex.ru.

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Abstract:

Already contemporaries, and then several generations of researchers, tried to create a typical image of a zemstvo doctor. The results obtained were very contradictory. According to the supporters of one historiographic tradition, conventionally called “romantic” by us, many zemstvo doctors devoted themselves to selfless service to the common people. Others (conditionally "pragmatic") believe that for these specialists the possibility of self-realization in cities was more attractive.

The significant difference of these zemstvo doctors created images is largely determined by quantitative parameters. Supporters of the "romantic" historiographical tradition focus their attention on the life and work of individual specialists who served for a long time in the same local government and/or performed various public functions. Their opponents tend to consider this medical corporation, noting the frequent change of duty station by most of its members, especially in rural areas.

For further analysis, painstaking work is needed to create databases for all zemstvo doctors in a wide chronological range. This will make it possible to systematize information about the places and terms of their service, the reasons for their abandonment, previous and subsequent professional activities, changing the self-awareness of this category of the population.

The authors created such a database for all 70 zemstvo doctors who served in the Osinsky district of the Perm province in 1870–1919. Its materials testify to the predominantly pragmatic nature of the activities of most of these specialists. The average service life of zemstvo doctors in the Osinsky zemstvo was 3.5 years. Moreover, this indicator was largely ensured by the long-term activity of several physicians. The most common reason for the dismissal of zemstvo doctors in the county was the transition to a service with more comfortable conditions. At the same time, here, as in all other districts of the Perm province, there were some vivid examples of their many years of selfless activity.

In general, the creation of a typical image of a zemstvo doctor, even at the level of a separate province or county, seems to us a debatable goal. This big corporation included representatives very different in their life attitudes. Therefore, contemporaries already reasonably selected several typical images of zemstvo doctors at once.

Keywords:

Osinsky district zemstvo, database, medical sites, historiographical traditions, women doctors,
S.P. Myshkin, N.I. Tezyakov.

Authors:

Dmitry E. Chernoukhov – Candidate of Sciences in History, Docent, Deputy Director of the Ural Humanitarian Institute,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6973-5078, e-mail: dmitry.chernoukhov@urfu.ru.

Eduard A. Chernoukhov – Doctor of Sciences in History, Docent, Professor, Department
of Russian History, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4640-4575, e-mail: echernoukhov@yandex.ru.

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