Abstract:

The authors set themselves a research task - to create a generalizing image of the zemstvo doctor on the example of the Urals. The initial hypothesis is the idea of civilizational changes in the Russian reality of the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries, associated with the formation of elements of civil society and the underlying processes of changes in the self-consciousness of the Russian intelligentsia. The uniqueness of the phenomenon of the "zemsky doctor" in the history of world medicine is emphasized, its role in preserving the life of the rural population of the country, the formation of a new attitude to sanitation issues and personal hygiene.

It is noted that the level of professional training of the zemsky doctorwas provided by a high level of medical education in the leading universities of the country. The peculiarity of their activity was the universality associated with the insufficient number of medical personnel in rural areas. By the beginning of the XX century the trend towards the creation of specialized medical care is making its way. This process was especially clearly manifested in the provincial Alexander Zemsky hospital, and then seized the district city hospitals and individual centers of factory medicine. The desire of doctors for professional association, regular exchange of experience through professional societies, provincial congresses of doctors, at meetings of medical and sanitary councils, as well as on the basis of the results of scientific association, regular exchange of experience through professional societies, provincial congresses of doctors, at meetings of medical and sanitary councils, as well as on the basis of the results of scientific scientific councils, as well as on the results of scientific scientific councils, as well as on the results of academic trip.

An analysis of objective difficulties in the activities of zemskie doctors, their relations with the local population, the leadership of zemskie institutions is given. The author's vision of the causes of selflessness and stoic patience to the social conditions of life of zemskie doctors is revealed. Attention is drawn to their active participation in public life, often as initiators of public events in their territories, the establishment of trusting relations with the population on the example of combating child mortality, the work of sanitary and school guardianships, children's shelters, the dissemination of hygienic knowledge, etc. The merits of zemskie doctors in the organizational life of zemstva are reflected, their role in the political events of that time, the organization of medical care for wounded and sick soldiers during the First World War are evaluated.

In conclusion, reasonable conclusions are made about the characteristic features of the typical appearance of zemskie doctors, prospects for further study of this topic are outlined.

Keywords:

Perm province; zemstvo institutions; zemstvo doctors; public activity; civil society; medical professional activity; charity; sanitation and hygiene.

Authors:

Valentina V. Lyadova – Senior Lecturer, The History of the Fatherland, History of Medicine, Political Science
and Sociology Department, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1451-7559; e-mail: lyadovavalya@mail.ru.

Ó Nikolay A. Nevostruev – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Docent, Head of of the Fatherland, History of Medicine,
Political Science and Sociology Department, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7336-0563, e-mail: nik772@yandex.ru.

References:

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Abstract:

The creation of the domestic military-industrial complex is one of the poorly studied pages of the military history of Russia. The history of the military industry formation and development in the pre-revolutionary period is the least covered. The authors of this publication reveal the issues of choosing a place for the construction of enterprises of the domestic defense industry by the example of Samara Detonator Plant. This company was established in the early twentieth century and produced products for the needs of the artillery department. It included the components of ammunition – tubes and fuses, i.e. the most technologically sophisticated means of initiating artillery shells.

The profile archival funds of a number of federal, regional and departmental archives of Russia, as well as published legislative acts were used as a source base.

Historical-genetic and systemic methods were used in the preparation of the publication. The authors have consistently studied the subject under consideration and identified the key features of choosing a place for the construction of the plant. The statistical method and the method of schematization were used as auxiliary research methods.

In this article the authors investigate the working procedure of a special commission of the Main Artillery Directorate of the Military Ministry of the Russian Empire to select a site for the construction of a second Detonator plant in Samara. The main problems faced by this commission in the course of solving this problem are characterized. The proposals of Russian cities on the placement of a defense enterprise on their territory are analyzed and evaluated.

Russian authors come to the conclusion that after the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905 the Russian army's need for ammunition and means of their initiation increased dramatically. It was this circumstance that prompted the selection of a place for the construction of a new enterprise. For this purpose, Samara was chosen as a city with a favourable geographical location, sufficient resources and workers. The sites examined, but rejected by the commission, subsequently served to accommodate new defense industries during the First World War of 1914-1917.

Keywords:

Russian Empire, Main Artillery Directorate, military industry, detonator industry, Samara Detonator Plant, detonators, fuses.

Authors:

German A. Syskin – Ingineer, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5432-3452, e-mail: GermanPetrograd@mail.ru.

Ó Ilya A. Sergievskiy – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Research Institute (military history),
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5432-3452, e-mail: Voenpred1991@yandex.ru.

References:

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13. RGVIA, f. 504, op. 8, d. 1559.
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Abstract:

The activities of the Soviet state and military authorities of the initial period of the Civil War aimed at involvement of non-Russian peoples to the army have been examined in the article. It is analyzed the practices and institutions of the Red Army conscription system in the Volga and Ural regions controlled by the central government.

The purpose of the work is to identify the specifics of implementation of the Soviet leadership ethno-military policy during the Civil War with the help of national military formations, to determine the degree of effectiveness of state measures to organize the recruiting of the non-Russian population into the army.

A number of problems has been solved by this study: conducting a comparative analysis of the views of the party and military leadership which regulated the national military policy during the initial period of the civil war; revealing the features of creation of the ethnic formations and the experience of their combat use; analyzing the factors influencing decision-making in the field of management of representatives of national minorities in the armed forces; identifying the role of public and political institutions in the process of involvement of the peoples from the Volga region and the Urals to the army service; on the basis of the principle of objectivity, the level of real loyalty to the Soviet government and communist ideology by the servicemen of the national units of the Eastern Front was investigated; the reasons of these units use as the punitive structures in the region were determined.

The analysis of the practices of the initial period of the civil war allows us to conclude that the government's policy of creating ethnic military units based on ideological dogmas was insufficiently effective contrary to the basic principles of building the armed forces. However, the party leadership showed flexibility and the ability to abandon its non-working installations and use the achievements and experience of previous periods, and instead of the old, destroyed structures of military administration new ones were created. All that required time, resources, and error correction.

Keywords:

ethnic units, civil war, Red Army, Latvian regiments, Estonian units, Muslim formations, volunteers, communist party

Authors:

Nikolai V. Podpriatov – Doctor of Sciences in History, Docent, Professor,
Department of Interdisciplinary Historical Research, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9286-7466,
e-mail: podpryatov1961@yandex.ru.

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72.  OGA OO, f. 7924, op. 1, d. 189.

 

Abstract:

The main purpose of this research is to analyze the activities of the party, state and military governing bodies of the Soviet state aimed at training command personnel for the newly formed class army.

The problems of creating a network of military educational institutions in Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 have been considered in the article. It has been shown the main stages of formation and development of the system of military personnel training in the first years after the formation of the Soviet state.

The characteristic features of formation of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions as the main body for creation, management and provision of military educational institutions have been highlighted and described in the article. Its role in training and education of command personnel for the Red Army is revealed. The author gives a generalized characteristic of workers and peasants who entered military educational institutions.

Different types of military educational institutions created at different stages of the civil war and foreign military intervention, their number and qualitative differences have been shown in this work. The author has revealed the trends of their development and analyzed their contribution to the command personnel training.

The author of the work paid considerable attention to the participation of former generals and officers of the old army in training and education of command staff for the Red Army.The motivation measures taken by the leadership of the Soviet state in order to attract highly trained officers and generals to this task are considered.

At the end of the article the author summarizes the results of the reseach and draws definite conclusions. It has been determined that the Soviet government successfully solved the task of training command personnel in a fairly short time, graduating commanders from military educational institutions who were in no way inferior in training to officers of the "white" armies and Entente troops.

Keywords:

soviet military education, creation of military educational institutions, governing bodies of military educational institutions, Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions, military specialists of the old army, Chief Commissar of military educational institutions, normal schools, command courses.

Authors:

Sergey A. Bezuglov – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Research Institute (Military History),
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1651-9723, e-mail: s.a.bezuglov@mail.ru.

References:

1. Grazhdanskaia voina v SSSR [Civil war in the USSR]. Moscow, Voenizdat, 1980, vol. 1.
2. Gazeta «Pravda» [Newspaper "Pravda"], 1917, 21 dekabria.
3. Sputnik krasnogo komandira [Satellite of the red commander]. Moscow, 1920.
4. Raboche-krest'ianskaia voennaia shkola [Workers' and peasants' military school]. Moscow, Izdanie vysshego voennogo redaktsionnogo soveta pri Glavnom upravlenii voenno-uchebnykh zavedenii, 1923.
5. Lenin V.I. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii [Full composition of writings]. Moscow, Isdatel`stvo politicheskoi litiratury, 1974, vol. 37.
6. Skerskii K.V. Krasnaia Armiia v osveshchenii sovremennikov belykh i inostrantsev 1918-1924 [The Red Army in the coverage of contemporaries of whites and foreigners 1918-1924]. Moscow-Leningrad, 1924.
7. Lenin V.I. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii [Full composition of writings]. Moscow, 1962, vol. 35.
8. Russkaia voennaia khronika [Russian military chronicle]. Voennoe Delo, 1918, no. 6.
9. Kavtaradze A.G. Voennye spetsialisty na sluzhbe Respubliki Sovetov 1917-1920 gg. [Military specialists in the service of the Republic of Soviets 1917-1920]. Moscow, 1988.
10.  Perechen' kursov komandnogo sostava RKKA RSFSR [List of courses for the officers of the Red Army of the RSFSR]. Krasnyi Ofitser, 1918, no. 1.
11.  Simonov A. Voennoe obrazovanie v pervye gody Sovetskoi vlasti [Military education in the early years of Soviet power]. Voenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, 2013, no. 9.
12.  Dekrety Sovetskoi vlasti [Decrees of Soviet power]. Moscow, Isdatel`stvo politicheskoi litiratury, 1957, vol. 3.
13. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voennyi arkhiv, f. 33988, op. 2, d. 34.
14.  Petrov Yu. KPSS – rukovoditel' i vospitatel' Krasnoi Armii (1918-1920) [CPSU - leader and educator of the Red Army (1918-1920)]. Moscow, 1961.
15.  Kavtaradze A.G. Voennye spetsialisty na sluzhbe Respubliki Sovetov 1917-1920 gg. [Military specialists in the service of the Republic of Soviets 1917-1920]. Moscow, 1988.
16.  Panin I.G. Uroki trekhsotletnei istorii rossiiskoi voennoi shkoly [Lessons from the three-hundred-year history of the Russian military school]. Voenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, 1998, no. 6.
17.  Rotmistrov P. Stanovlenie i razvitie sovetskoi vysshei voennoi shkoly [Formation and development of the Soviet higher military school]. Voennaia Mysl', 1967, no. 7.
18.  Cherniavskii E. Vozhd' i Armiia [Leader and Army]. Krasnyi Ofitser, 1918, no. 3.
19.  Ukomplektovanie armii komandnym sostavom [Staffing the army with command staff]. Voennoe Delo, 1918, no. 12.
20.  Lenin V.I. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii [Full composition of writings]. Moscow, 1962, vol. 36, 202 p.
21. VIII s"ezd RKP(b). Stenograficheskii otchet [VIII Congress of the RCP(b). Verbatim report]. Moscow, 1919.
22.  RGVA, f. 62, op. 1, d. 390.
23.  RGVA, f. 62, op. 3, d. 3.
24.  Kislovsky Yu.G. Krasnye komandiry [Red commanders]. Alma-Ata, 1973.
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26.  Vladimirtsev V.S., Mutovkin N.S. Vos'moi s"ezd RKP(b) [Eighth Congress of the RCP (b)]. Moscow, 1972.
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30.  Iovlev A. Sovershenstvovanie voenno-uchebnykh zavedenii v 1921-1928 gg. [Improvement of military schools in 1921-1928]. Voenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, 1976, no. 2.
31. Timofeev F. Voenno-uchebnye zavedeniia Rossii i RSFSR v 1914 – 1921 godakh (sostav, deiatel'nost', preemstvennost') [Military educational institutions of Russia and the RSFSR in 1914 - 1921 (composition, activities, continuity)]. Abstract of Ph. D. thesis, 2008.
32.  RGVA, f. 62, op. 1, d. 1468.
33.  RGVA, f. 62, op. 1, d. 1440.
34.  Emelyanov A.P. Nepreryvnaia voenno-professional'naia podgotovka ofitserskikh kadrov v Rossii: istoricheskii opyt i aktual'nye problemy [Continuous military-professional training of officers in Russia: historical experience and current problems]. The Military Academic Journal, 2016, no. 2.
35.  Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii, f. 74, op. 3, d. 11.

 

Abstract:

The experience of Russia in the Soviet period of its development is of particular interest to domestic and foreign researchers in all its diversity. The process of party building and the establishment of a one-party system in this regard is particularly relevant, especially given the presence of different points of view in historiography on the nature and essence of the process of formation and development of the party-political system in Russia.

The article analyzes the events associated with the transformation of the political system from a two-party model to a one-party one. The authors identify the main factors that influenced the dynamics of this process. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of changes in domestic politics and the balance of power in the political arena, as well as on the development of a common position within the Bolshevik Party. The source base is the legislative acts of the Soviet government in October 1917 - July 1918, the opinions and memoirs of political figures of the early 20th century, published documents and specific historical studies related to the history of the Left Social Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks, as well as general historical works related to history of October Revolution and Civil War.

The methodological basis of the research is such fundamental principles of scientific knowledge as historicism, objectivity, consistency, which involve consideration of historical events and facts in their totality and development, based on the features and specifics of a particular historical period. Descriptive, comparative, statistical, problem-chronological and other methods are also used, in particular, the cultural-anthropological method, which involves the study of the positions of the authors of scientific research in relation to the issues under consideration and its argumentation.

As a result of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that the violent seizure of power by the Bolsheviks did not at all mean the immediate establishment of a one-party system. This idea began to be actively formed and put into practice after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, when the former allies of the Bolsheviks, the Left Social Revolutionaries, went over to the opposition to their former allies. As a result, the one-party system became a political reality in Soviet Russia only by July 1918, when the internal political situation deteriorated sharply, and Russia's former allies in the Entente switched to open intervention.

Keywords:

political party, two-party system, single-party system, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, popular socialists, V.I. Lenin.

Authors:

Mikhail K. Fadeev – Candidate of Sciences in History, Docent, Associate Professor of Department
of Humanities, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-9254, e-mail: MKFadeev@fa.ru.

Ó Anatoly S. Kislyakov – Candidate of Sciences in History, Docent, Associate Professor of Department
of Humanities, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9650-5764, e-mail: askislyakov@fa.ru.

References:

1. Volobuev O.V. Men'sheviki v usloviiakh krizisa pravitel'stvennoi koalitsii osen'iu 1917 goda [Mensheviks in the crisis of the government coalition in the fall of 1917]. Politicheskie partii v rossiiskikh revoliutsiiakh v nachale XX veka. Moscow, Nauka, 2005, pp. 301–316.
2. Mel'gunov S.P. Kak bol'sheviki zakhvatili vlast'. «Zolotoi nemetskii kliuch» k bol'shevistskoi revoliutsii [How did the Bolsheviks seize power? "Golden German Key" to the Bolshevik Revolution]. Moscow, Airis-press, 2007, 640 p.
3. Sukhanov N.N. Zapiski o revoliutsii. [Notes on the Revolution]. Vol. 3. Moscow, Respublika, 1992, 415 p.
4. Sapon V.P. Kontseptsiia revoliutsionnogo osvobozhdeniia obshchestva v teoreticheskikh vozzreniiakh i politicheskoi praktike rossiiskikh levykh radikalov (konets XIX veka – 1918 g.) [The concept of the revolutionary liberation of society in the theoretical views and political practice of Russian left-wing radicals (end of the 19th century - 1918)]. Cheboksary, 2009, 47 p.
5. Shubin A.V. Start Strany Sovetov. Revoliutsiia [Start of the Land of Soviets. Revolution]. Saint Petersburg, Piter, 2017, 448 p.
6. Ambrosimova T.A. Nesostoiavshiisia kompromiss po voprosu o vlasti (osen' 1917 goda) [Failed compromise on the question of power (autumn 1917)]. Noveishaia Istoriia Rossii, 2020, no.3, vol.10, pp. 580–589.
7. Popova O.G., Liukhudzaev M.I. Levye esery i formirovanie sovetskoi gosudarstvennosti [Left SRs and the formation of Soviet statehood]. Problemy istorii Rossii, iss. 2, Opyt gosudarstvennogo stroitel'stva XV-XX vv. Ekaterinburg, Volot, 1998, pp. 124–146.
8. Protokoly pervogo s"ezda partii levykh sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov (internatsionalistov) [Protocols of the first congress of the Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (Internationalists)]. Moscow, Revoliutsionnyi Sotsializm, 1918, 115 p.
9. Protokoly zasedanii Soveta Narodnykh Komissarov RSFSR. Noiabr' 1917 – mart 1918 gg. [Minutes of the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. November 1917 - March 1918]. Moscow, Rossiiskaia politicheskaia entsiklopediia (ROSSPEN), 2006, 520 p.
10. Protokoly zasedanii Vserossiiskogo tsentral'nogo ispolnitel'nogo komiteta sovetov rabochikh, soldatskikh, krest'ianskikh i kazatskikh deputatov II sozyva [Minutes of the meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', Peasants' and Cossacks' Deputies of the II convocation]. Moscow, Izdatelstvo Vserossiiskogo tsentral'nogo ispolnitel'nogo komiteta, 1918, 192 p.
11. Dekrety Sovetskoi vlasti. 25 oktiabria 1917 - 16 marta 1918 [Decrees of the Soviet power. 25 October 1917 – March 16, 1918]. Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1957, vol. 1, 625 p.
12. Lenin V.I. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii [Full composition of writings]. Vol. 35, Moscow, Izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1974, 634 p.
13. Izmailovich A.A. Posleoktiabr'skie oshibki [Post-October Mistakes]. Moscow, Revoliutsionnyi sotsializm, 1918, 30 p.
14. Leont'ev Ia.V. Levoesserovskoe dvizhenie: organizatsionnye formy i mekhanizmy funktsionirovaniia [Left Esser movement: organizational forms and mechanisms of functioning]. Abstract of Ph. D. thesis. Moscow, 2009, 63 p.
15. Politicheskaia istoriia: Rossiia – SSSR - Rossiiskaia Federatsiia [Political history: Russia - USSR - Russian Federation]. Moscow, Terra, 1996, vol. 2, 720 p.
16. Rasskazov L. Karatel'nye organy v protsesse formirovaniia i funktsionirovaniia administrativno-komandnoi sistemy v sovetskom gosudarstve (1917-1941 gg.) [Punitive bodies in the process of formation and functioning of the administrative-command system in the Soviet state (1917-1941)]. Ufa, Ufimskaia shkola Ministerstva vnutrennikh del Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1994, 465 p.
17. Zhukov A.F. Izhevskii miatezh eserov-maksimalistov [Izhevsk rebellion of the Socialist-Revolutionary Maximalists]. Voprosy Istorii, 1987, no. 3, pp. 173–178.
18. Dekrety Sovetskoi vlasti. 11 iiulia – 9 noiabria 1918 g. [Decrees of the Soviet power. July 11 - November 9, 1918]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1964, vol. 3, 676 p.
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20. Rat'kovskii I. S. Aktsii po razoruzheniiu anarkhistov v 1918 godu [Anarchist disarmament actions in 1918]. Politicheskie partii Rossii: proshloe i nastoiashchee. Saint Petersburg, Sankt-Peterburgskii universitet, 2005, 394 p.
21. Rabinovich A.E. Bol'sheviki prikhodiat k vlasti. Pervyi god sovetskoi epokhi v Petrograde [The Bolsheviks come to power. The first year of the Soviet era in Petrograd]. Moscow, AIRO-XXI, 2008, 624 p.
22. Redinskaia T.V. Partii i mnogopartiinost' v Rossii v Novoe i Noveishee vremia [Parties and multi-party system in Russia in modern and contemporary times]. Moscow, Russkogii informatsionnyi tsentr "Al'fa" Moskovskii gosudarstvennyi gumanitarnyi universitet imeni M.A. Sholokhova, 2006, 198 p.
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24. Gimpel'son E.G. Put' k odnopartiinoi diktature [The path to a one-party dictatorship]. Otechestvennaia Istoriia, 1994, no. 4–5, pp. 94–110.
25. Arkhiv russkoi revoliutsii [Archive of the Russian Revolution. Vol. 5-6]. Ed. I.V. Gessen. Moscow, Politizdat, 1991, 364 p.
26. Koen S. Bukharin. Politicheskaia biografiia. 1888-1938 [Bukharin. Political biography. 1888-1938]. Moscow, Progress, 1988, 576 p.
27. Kommunisticheskaia partiia Sovetskogo Soiuza v rezoliutsiiakh i resheniiakh s"ezdov, konferentsii i plenumov Tsentral'nogo Komiteta [The Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee]. Vol. 3. Moscow, Izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1984, 494 p.

Abstract:

The problem of countering criminal offence in the period of global social cataclysm: revolution of 1917, civil war, economic devastation and mass starvation in Russia in 1917–1922 has been described in the article. The author examines this problem by the example of Perm province using archival materials, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Difficulties with the source base of research on this problem seem to be significant, but surmountable. Objective conditions for the growth of criminal offence in crisis situations arose more than once later in Russia (the Great Patriotic War, radical reforms of the 1990s). Counteraction to this dangerous phenomenon by the newly formed law enforcement agencies in post-revolutionary Russia gradually formed stable practices. At the same time, the study suggests that both the nature of criminal offence and the practices of countering it at that time had an impact on society even after the crisis.

The relevance of the article is due to the fact that crime is characteristic of every social formation, and counteracting it is an important task of society at all stages of development. On the base of historical documents, the author aims to show the dependence of the level of crime on a combination of objective factors and their determining influence on law enforcement practices in a crisis. Using source analysis as a method, the author characterized the specifics of criminal offense in the designated period and identified ways to counteract it by law enforcement agencies.

Keywords:

criminal criminality, Perm province, desertion, famine, crisis, revolution, civil war, militia, state policy

Authors:

Pavel V. Fadeev – Specialist in Regional History of Perm Region, е-mail@pvfadeev@mail.ru.

References:

1. Cherdynskii munitsipal'nyi muzei, f-2439/4.
2. Arkhivnyi otdel administratsii Kungurskogo gorodskogo okruga, f. 12, op. 1, d. 25.
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Abstract:

The periodicals are the important sources on the history of the Civil war seriously supplementing the information from the archives. The article analyses the descriptions of the Bolshevik regime and the Bolshevik leaders in the “White” press. The newspapers published in Perm were typical for the Anti-Bolshevik Russia and practically did not differ from the other Ural and Siberian ones. The articles and notes were often republished. The newspapers were the most widespread and popular sources of information in the Civil war and the effective instrument of the Information warfare between the “Reds” and “Whites” (All the Anti-Bolshevik governments are designated as White here, though using such a term in relation to the Komuch, Provisionsl Government of Siberia,and Provisional Government of the Ural Region, which existed during the period of the “Democratic Counterrevolution” does not seem absolutely correct). The press of the “Whites” described the inner life of the “Sovdepia” in negative terms and overestimated the scale of hunger and terror. The attention of the newspaper was concentrated on the situation in Moscow and Petrograd. In order to be more convincing in their descriptions of the horrors of the Bolshevism, the newspapers made references to the news agencies, including the foreign ones, and personal evidences. The “White” press tried to form the most negative attitude to the Bolshevik regime, to win the wide masses, because it might determine the outcome of the fratricidal civil war. The characteristics of the Bolshevik leaders, especially of Lenin and Trotsky, served the same goal. The newspapers stressed permanently the contradictions and conflicts between them. In their characteristics of the Bolshevik leaders the authors of the publications sometimes draw impartial and correct pictures, which might be seen as a valuable addition to the portraits of the prominent Bolshevik leaders. First of all it refers to the image of Trotsky. In spite of the active propaganda campaign in the press, the “Whites” lost the information war. In the country with the illiterate majority, the Bolshevik propaganda apparatus and methods of the information warfare turned to be more effective, than those of their opponents.

Keywords:

Civil war, White press, Bolshevik regime, Bolshevik leaders, Lenin, Trotsky.

Authors:

Leonid A. Obukhov – Candidate of Sciences in History, Docent,
Associate Professor at the Department of the Interdisciplinary Historical Research,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6896-3626, e-mail: obuhovla@yandex.ru.

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40. Osvobozhdenie Rossii, 1919, 16 aprelia.

 

Abstract:

This article is devoted to the analysis of the factors which influenced the effectiveness of the combat use of the Soviet aviation during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. The object of the study is the armed forces of the Red Army, the subject of the study is the air force of the Red Army which participated in the war with Finland in 1939-1940. The sources for the work are archival materials - reports on the combat work of the Air Force of the combined arms armies during the conflict, on the use of certain types of aircraft, as well as military command work documents. In addition, the study contains published materials from compilations - documents of the Main Military Council, the Headquarters of the High Command, the command of the Leningrad Military District, as well as the conclusions and minutes of meetings of the Main Military Commission and the Air Force Commission. The aim of the work is to study various conditions and factors which inluenced the work of Soviet pilots during this conflict. The study examined the initial plans and tactics of the Soviet command for the use of aviation, their evolution in the course of hostilities. In addition, various problems and emergency situations which Soviet pilots faced with during the war were analyzed in this study. For the sake of completeness of the study at the end of the article attention is paid to the post-war analysis of the participation of the Soviet aviation in hostilities, and those problems which the Soviet command drew attention to are considered. The main factor underlying the entire combat work of the Soviet aviation at the initial stage of conflict was the fact that for the Soviet command the war with Finland was the first large-scale clash with another state, when a large number of aircraft were to participate in the hostilities. The Soviet leadership simply did not have experience in such operations, did not know how to use aviation correctly and what those operations required for. It were namely these facts which determined the initial not entirely successful tactics of using aviation, the poor preparedness of air reconnaissance. In addition, misunderstanding of the conditions of the future theater of operations played a significant role. Soviet air units were not equipped with the necessary uniforms and machinery. Weather conditions, in turn, also made their own adjustments to the work of aviation. At the same time, it is necessary to point out the insufficient training of pilots.

Keywords:

Soviet-Finnish war, USSR, Finland, aviation, Air Force, Red Army, fighters, bombers

Authors:

Denis A. German – Bachelor's Degree Recipient, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0528-4482, e-mail: den27610@gmail.com.

References:

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5. Kondrat'ev V.V. Skazki finskogo lesa, ili... [Tales of the Finnish forest, or...]. AviaMaster, 2000, no. 4, pp. 30-33.
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Abstract:

The article considers a set of works on the development of systems used for the study of outer space and the development of cosmonautics in the early years of the space age. The development of the unified time system, the system of the onboard standard of time and frequency "Liana", as well as equipment for studying long-wave X-ray radiation of the Sun, which was installed on the second artificial Earth satellite (AES), is being investigated.

Attempts have been made to analyze the creation of equipment for recording the physiological parameters of living beings in space flight, the development of secondary electronic and photo-multipliers used in the creation of the first AES equipment, the development and manufacture of a complex of peripheral digital machines that allowed real-time processing and transmission of trajectory measurement data to the coordination and computing center.

The issues of developing and manufacturing an automatic detonation system for unmanned vehicles are being studied. The data on the observation of the flight of the first satellites, on the improvements that made it possible to photograph with great accuracy, on the creation of a theory that allows calculating the orbit of the satellite, as well as to assess the influence of various factors on it: changes in atmospheric density, light pressure, the influence of harmonics of the gravitational field of the Earth. It tells about the first Soviet-American space experiment with a passive communication satellite "Echo-2".

All this clearly illustrates the notable contribution of scientists and engineers from Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) to space research at the dawn of the space age.

The article pays special attention to the history of events that unfolded both inside the country and abroad regarding the creation and launch of the first artificial Earth satellite. And first of all, the reaction to this epoch-making event in the international scientific community, as well as the reaction to this event from some politicians in Western Europe.

The analysis of some of the first joint experiments of Soviet and American scientists in the field of space exploration at the beginning of the space age of mankind is also of interest to readers.

Keywords:

artificial Earth satellite, communication satellite, theory of calculating the orbit of artificial Earth satellites, Soviet-American space experiment, unified time system, automatic object detonation system, study of long-wave X-ray radiation of the Sun, observations of the first artificial Earth satellites, peripheral digital machines, secondary electronic multiplier, photomultiplier, registration of physiological parameters.

Authors:

Valerij N. Kupriyanov – Corresponding Member, e-mail: kuvnik@yandex.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8883-7360

Ó Alexander V. Losik – Doctor of Sciences in History, Professor, Senior Researcher,  ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7085-6627,
e-mail: victoriay@inbox.ru.

References:

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