This article is devoted to the comprehensive analysis of the phraseological image джентльмен (of a gentleman) in the Russian linguistic consciousness, the description of the phraseological fragment of the Russian linguistic world view by identifying indirectly derived nominations of the image of a gentleman. The article presents points of view of linguists, in particular of phraseologists, on the essence of the concept of "phraseological image" and the debatable problem – the correlation of the concepts of "phraseological image" and "phraseological meaning". The authors note that, despite the borrowed character, the word джентльмен has firmly entrenched in the Russian cultural space, which is explained by extralinguistic factors of the perceiving linguistic culture. The article traces the history of the lexicographic description джентльмен lexeme in the recipient language (in this case, Russian), shows the expansion of the scope of its use. Based on the materials of the National Corpus of the Russian language, remarks are made about the extension of semantic features in modern uses, the predominance of the feature 'conditions: mutually beneficial', the actualization of ironic connotative semes in phraseological units with the adjective джентльменский (gentlemental) is noted. The mechanisms of forming the phraseological meaning of units with the derivative джентльменский are established, their place on the conventional phraseological semantic scale is determined, examples of functioning in artistic and journalistic discourses are given. The methods of correlation analysis of the cognitive-discursive space of phrasemics, cognitive-discourse analysis, phraseme-forming combi­natorics, cognitive-discourse analysis of phraseological semantics and contextual analysis used in the course of the work made it possible to comprehensively and extensively characterize the phraseological image under study.

Keywords: phraseological image, phraseological meaning, linguistic consciousness, representation, semantics, meaning.

Maria L. LAPTEVA

e-mail: hohlina2004@yandex.ru

Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Department of Modern Russian Language, Astrakhan State University (Astrakhan, Russian Federation)

Zukhra R. AGLEYEVA

e-mail: z.agleeva@yandex.ru

Doctor of Philology, Professor, Department of Modern Russian Language, Astrakhan State University (Astrakhan, Russian Federation)

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The article deals with the theoretical and practical aspects of legal translation as a kind of special translation, which has certain characteristic features associated with the nature of legal terminology. The research is based on the analysis of the works of Russian and foreign linguists, specialists in the field of theory and practice of translation. The practice of legal translation in Russia has a long tradition, although its intensity has changed over the centuries depending on historical and socio-economic factors, as well as the needs of legal theory and practice. Theoretical research in the field of legal translation arose relatively recently, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which was due to both contacts of Russian lawyers with their colleagues from different countries, and the interest of lawyers in foreign legislative practice, the need to develop the economy within the framework of international trade, etc. From the very beginning, the theory of legal translation was based on the principles and rules of the general theory of translation, which have been developing in Russian translation studies since the 50ies of the twentieth century. Naturally, as an applied branch of general linguistic theory, translation studies have absorbed the ideas developed within the paradigm of modern linguistics. The ideas of terminology, cognitive and contrastive linguistics were especially fruitful for the theory and practice of legal translation. At the same time, the specifics of law as a theoretical and practical activity, the national and cultural specifics of legal terms, as well as the modification of translation studies’ ideas due to the integrative nature of the modern post-non-classical scientific paradigm as a whole, pose new challenges to theorists and practitioners in the field of translation.

Keywords: legal translation, translation history, terminology, lexicography, frame, contrastive linguistics.

Sergei P. KHIZHNYAK

e-mail: khizhnyaksp@inbox.ru

Doctor of Philology, Professor of Foreign Languages Department, Saratov State Law Academy (Saratov, Russian Federation)

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The authors studied the means of lexical cohesion in English oral discourse of a commented sports event – a broadcast of the 2014 World Cup football match between the Netherlands and Spain commented by the British commentators Jon Champion and Stewart Robson. The analyzed time slot of the match is 46 minutes (halftime). The authors use the classification of means of cohesion proposed by M.A.K. Halliday and R. Hasan. The frequency analysis of the lexical composition of the oral discourse analyzed allowed us to find more prominent and more frequently used words and the most frequent lexical units to express emotive assessment. The “world cloud” technique is used in order to find out more prominent and more frequent words in the text. The morphological analysis of the discourse of a commented football match made it possible to determine the part-of-speech-composition of the discourse of the commented football match. Analysis of the means of text cohesion through repetition of lexical items and their alternation in different forms resulted in singling out some typical models. Our findings suggest that the most frequent means of cohesion are identical and root repetitions (69 % of the total number of examples). Use of synonyms (18 %) and antonyms (7 %) also serve the purpose of lexical cohesion of the discourse. Broad-meaning substitutions (collocations) occur in 5% of the total.

Keywords: lexical cohesion, repetition, lexical composition, morphological analysis, oral discourse, emotive assessment.

Evgeny G. ALEKSEYEV

e-mail: profyal@mail.ru

Cand. Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Chair of Cyber Security and Service, Ogarev Mordovia State University (Saransk, Russian Federation)

Irina A. ANASHKINA

e-mail: Iraida952@gmail.com

Doctor of Philology, Professor, Chair of English Language for Professional Communication, Ogarev Mordovia State University (Saransk, Russian Federation)

Inna I. KONKOVA

e-mail: mirna_13@mail.ru

Сand. Sc. (Philology), Senior Lecturer, Chair of English Language for Professional Communication, Ogarev Mordovia State University (Saransk, Russian Federation)

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The professional activities of interpreters in today's interpreting market, especially those that are regionally based, are to a greater extent realised in sectoral discourses, such as horticultural discourse. The discursive approach in translation, in which the starting point of the translation action algorithm is the communicative situation of a particular discourse, has already established itself. The paper defines horticultural discourse, which is viewed by the author as an institutional type of discourse in which the interpreter, an agent of discourse, can act. The interpreter's competences, strategies and technology affect the quality and functioning of the discourse as a whole. This article examines the specificity of this type of discourse from the perspective of translatology. The purpose of this research is to study some important features and characteristics of horticultural discourse and its specific situations which may be subject to post-translation interpreting. The author analyses the discourse-forming features of horticulture which influence and determine the interpreting action. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of factors influencing the quality of translation. The study identifies the most relevant communicative situations in horticultural discourse in terms of translation action: training in gardening, negotiations on the establishment/optimization/care of the garden, master-class on gardening. The author identifies six types of problem places in the process of interpreting decisions. It is established that this type of discourse in two non-similar linguocultures (Russian and German) reveal significant differences in the value-oriented discourse component as well as in the intercultural component proper, which requires from the translator not only linguistic, subject matter, but also axiological knowledge.The proposed angle of analysis of translation in gardening discourse has a practical approbation by the author of the study – a practicing interpreter.

Keywords: horticultural discourse, discursive features, interpretation, terms, communicative situation, translation action.

Elina Yu. NOVIKOVA

e-mail: nov-elina@yandex.ru

Doctor of Philology, Professor, Department of Translation Studies and Linguistic, Volgograd State University (Volgograd, Russian Federation)

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The article is devoted to the category of expressiveness and the ways it is implemented in British quality papers. Quality papers mostly perform informative function as it matches their target group. As other types of mass media they also perform persuasive function which in its turn is implemented by the use of various persuasive means. Among them are stylistic devices.

In modern linguistics the category of expressiveness is considered to have four components: emotivity, evaluativity, imagery, and intensity. Not all of these components have to be simultaneously present to successfully implement the category of expressiveness. For this reason, during the research the dominant component of the category of expressiveness is identified as well as the stylistic device used to implement it. The level the stylistic device belongs to is also identified on the basis of classification of stylistic devices proposed by V.A. Kukharenko.

The results obtained show that in British quality papers the category of expressiveness is implemented by stylistic devices of three language levels: lexical, lexical-syntactical, and syntactical. Stylistic devices of phonetic and graphical levels were not observed due to specific features of newspaper functional style and to the peculiarities of the journalist’s style of writing.

The fact that each component of the category of expressiveness may be implanted by the combination of several stylistic devices which belong to different language levels is emphasized. The results of the research prove that the dominant components in the studied quality papers are imagery and emotivity because the necessary persuasive effect has to be achieved.

Keywords: quality papers, the category of expressiveness, emotivity, evaluativity, imagery, intensity, stylistic devices.

Olga V. MONASTYRETSKAYA

e-mail: olga.mona1968@yandex.ru

Cand. Sc. (Philology), Associate Professor, Head of the Department “Translation Theory and Intercultural Communication”, Socio-Economic Institute, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov (Saratov, Russian Federation)

Olga L. MOROVA

e-mail: olga_m2003@inbox.ru

Cand. Sc. (Philology), Associate Professor, Department “Translation Theory and Intercultural Communication”, Socio-Economic Institute, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov (Saratov, Russian Federation)

Victoria Yu. POLYAKOVA

e-mail: victoria_goldilocks@mail.ru

Cand. Sc. (Philology), Associate Professor, Department of “Translation Theory and Intercultural Communication”, Socio-Economic Institute, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov (Saratov, Russian Federation)

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Recently, a tendency has been emerged to study verbal communication as a component of human activity, since communication has much in common with other activities. An integral part of professional verbal behavior is the methods of communicative influence of the speaker on the addressee. Judicial discourse is no exception in this respect. The fact the research was done within the framework of such areas as forensic linguistics, linguistic jurisprudence, communicative and pragmatic linguistics, as well as discourse analysis, made this work relevant. The article deals with judicial discourse as a specialized speech stratum having its own expression. Particular attention is given to the interpretation of this issue by various linguists, as well as the ways for the addresser to express his or her attitude both to the situation and the interlocutor and to affect the addressee in legal speech. The article is aimed at studying judicial discourse based on the rulings of the US courts and the speech of individual judges. The objective of this study is to specify the ratio of informative and expressive components in judicial discourse. The method of cognitive modeling applied in the analysis of judicial discourse made it possible to determine the cognitive strategies of the speaker, including the strategies of specification, profiling, and attention focus. Having studied US Supreme Court rulings, the authors found informatives prevailing, which is quite logical and is connected with legal speech focus on a distant addressee, whose communicative reactions are logically predictable, but are not obvious due to the lack of explicit communicative reactions. However, individual speech of judges, whose language is very diverse and expressive turns to be a great field for linguo-creative activity.

Keywords: judicial discourse, strategies aimed at influencing the addressee, cognitive modeling.

Elena V. Volgina

e-mail: volginalena@rambler.ru

Cand. Sc. (Philology), Associate Professor, Foreign Languages Department, Saratov State Law Academy (Saratov, Russian Federation)

Elena G. Ilyicheva

e-mail: eilyicheva3@gmail.com

Cand. Sc. (Philology), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Foreign Languages Department, Saratov State Law Academy (Saratov, Russian Federation)

1. Il'icheva E.G. Antropotsentrizm kak printsip issledovaniia iuridicheskoi rechi (na materiale reshenii Verkhovnogo suda SShA) [Anthropocentrism as a principle for the study of legal speech (based on the decisions of the US Supreme Court)]. Informatsiia ‒ kommunikatsiia ‒ dokument (IKD-2021). Proc. of 2nd All-Russian Acad. Conf. (Penza, Sep. 23–24, 2021). Penza, 2021, pp. 86‒90.

2. Leont'eva A.V. Polimodal'naia smena perspektivy v sudebnom diskurse [Multimodal viewpoint shifts in courtroom discourse]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta. Gumanitarnye nauki, 2021, no. 1 (843), pp. 117‒127.

3. Boldyrev N.N. Printsipy i metody kognitivnykh issledovanii iazyka [Principles and methods of language cognitive studies]. Printsipy i metody kognitivnykh issledovanii iazyka. Ed. N.N. Boldyrev. Tambov, Tambov Student Universe, 2008.

4. Cotterill J. Language and power in court. London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003,
pp. 19–64.

5. Dubrovskaia T.V. Sudebnyi diskurs: rechevoe povedenie sud'i (na materiale russkogo i angliiskogo iazykov) [Judicial discourse: Speech behavior of a judge (Russian and English Languages)]. Moscow, International Independent University of Environmental and Political Sciences, Akademiia, 2010.

6. Nikiforova E.Sh. Intertekstual'nost' kak otlichitel'naia cherta tekstov amerikanskogo sudebnogo diskursa [Intertextuality as a distinctive feature of the texts in American judicial discourse]. Innovatsii v nauke i praktike. Proc. of 3rd Int. Acad. Conf. (Praga, Nov. 10th, 2017). Ufa, 2017, pp. 42‒45.

7. Klimovich O.V. Sredstva rechevogo vozdeistviia v sudebnom diskurse [Means of speech influence in judicial discourse]. Clavuta. Ser. Fіlologіia, 2013, no. 7, pp. 34–42.

8. Avakova M.L., Budniaia O.N. Metadiskursivnye markery kak sredstva realizatsii kategorii ubezhdeniia v angloiazychnom sudebnom diskurse [Meta-discourse markers as means of implementing the category of persuasion in English legal discourse]. Mir nauki, kul'tury, obrazovaniia, 2020, no. 4 (83), pp. 465‒467.

9. Nikiforova E.Sh. Taktika tsitirovaniia kak osnova argumentatsii v sudebnom diskurse [Citation tactics as the basic argumentation in judicial discourse]. Nauka i obrazovanie v zhizni sovremennogo obshchestva. Int. Acad. Conf. (Tambov, Nov. 29, 2013). Tambov, 2013, pp. 139‒140.

10. Ilyicheva E.G. Achieving legal language efficiency through syntactic and cognitive diversity. Pravo v sovremennom mire: dostizhenie metabezopasnosti kak atributa gosudarstva v. 2020. Proc. All-Russian, Acad. Conf. (Yekaterinburg, Sep. 15–17, 2020). Yekaterinburg, 2020, pp. 63‒66.

11. Litvishko O.M. Sintaksicheskie zakonomernosti angloiazychnogo iuridicheskogo diskursa kak sredstvo realizatsii normativno-reguliativnoi funktsii prava [Syntactic patterns in English-language legal discourse as means of actualization of normative-regulative function of law]. Professional'naia kommunikatsiia: aktual'nye voprosy lingvistiki i metodiki, 2020, no. 13, pp. 124–132.

12. Arinova B.N. Izuchenie lingvisticheskikh osobennostei pis'mennogo sudebnogo diskursa Velikobritanii: formal'noe i soderzhatel'noe obosnovanie podkhoda [Linguistic aspects of UK written judicial discourse: Formal and substantive approach justification]. Vestnik Iuzhno-Ural'skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser. Lingvistika, 2020, no. 3 (17), pp. 58‒64.

13. Soldatova A.A. Spetsifika rechevykh strategii v advokatskom diskurse [The specificity of speech strategies in lawyer discourse]. Prava i svobody cheloveka: problemy realizatsii, obespecheniia i zashchity. Proc. Int. Acad. Conf. (Penza, Jul. 5–6, 2011). Praga, 2011, pp. 163–166.

14. Pavlova Ia.A., El'tsova V.I. Rech' advokata kak osobyi zhanr v angloiazychnom sudebnom diskurse [Advocate’s arguments as a spesial genre in an English judicial discourse]. Postulat, 2019, no. 1–1 (39).

15. Manukian M.R., Grankina R.M. Osobennosti interpretatsii tekstov protsessual'nogo soderzhaniia v sudebnom diskurse (na materiale angliiskogo iazyka [Features of procedural text interpretation in courtroom discourse (on the material of the English language)]. Professional'naia kommunikatsiia: aktual'nye voprosy lingvistiki i metodiki, 2020, no. 13, pp. 194–200.

16. Donald E., Scott B. Contemporary supreme court cases: Landmark decisions since Roe v. Wade. Santa Barbara, Denver, ABC CLIO, 2016.

17. Shalova E.N. Teksty sudebnykh reshenii kak osobaia forma realizatsii iuridicheskogo diskursa [Texts of court decisions as a special form of implementation of legal discourse]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta. Gumanitarnye nauki, 2020, no. 13 (842), pp. 170‒182.

18. Levanova A.E., Pilipenko O.G. Interpretatsiia diskursa kak vid kognitivnoi deiatel'nosti cheloveka [Discourse interpretation as a type of human cognitive activity]. Rechevoe obshchenie (Teoreticheskie i prikladnye aspekty rechevogo obshcheniia). Spetsializirovannyi vestnik KrasGU, 1999, no. 1 (8), pp. 35‒39.

The paper is focused on inversion as a stylistic means by which one can achieve a definite stylistic effect. Despite the importance of the functions of inversion such as emphasis of key words or word combinations, the shift in the nuances of the meaning of a sentence, the indication of the author’s opinion to a part of the message, etc., inversion at its full remains a rather understudied stylistic device. An ability to formulate a thought clearly, to put accents in a sentence, to distinguisg between the main and topical information at the moment of speaking and less important and irrelevant is mainly formed due to understanding of the existing theoretical information on inversion and practical analysis of the cases of its usage in the context. In her research, the author sets a goal to investigate the cases of inversion in a gastronomic discourse on the basis of Russian and British culinary programmes. The novelty of the work is that inversion is regarded in a definite type of discourse in a comparative way. Of special interest is the identification and analysis of inversion in two languages with different systems, one of which has a relatively free word order and the other, as a rule, has a fixed word order. Reported cases of inversion are analysed and correlated with the existing theoretical basis on the issue. The results of the research can be used as an illustrative material in the Institutions of Higher Education at the lectures and seminars on different disciplines, on stylistics, in particular.

Keywords: inversion, word order, stylistics, subject, predicate.

Umukusum Sh. KHADULAEVA

e-mail: uma_077@mail.ru

Holder of a degree in Postgraduate Studies (Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics), Lecturer, Department of the English Language, Dagestan State University (Makhachkala, Russian Federation)

1. Bukhvalova E.G. Osobennosti poriadka slov v russkom i angliiskom predlozheniiakh [Features of word order in Russian and English sentences]. Filologicheskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, 2011, no. 2 (9), pp. 35–37.
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The article concerns the problem of categorization of mentefacts as products of intellectual activity from the perspective of a container on the material of text corpora. The corpus research methods helped to carry out searches to reveal necessary contexts with the mentefacts, and to fix tokens with these metefacts in the constructions being the classifiers of the English cryptoclass «Res Continens». The container component can be hidden in the interpretation of a lexical unit. It is necessary to take into account a set of special vocabulary, the main purpose of which is to indicate that the object acts as a container.

Mentefacts refer to meaningful elements of person’s consciousness that reflect the result of his/her intellectual activity, i.e. abstract entities that do not have a material denotation and are distinguished only by human consciousness. The question of mentefacts which have a universal nature is now considered open due to the lack of study of this phenomenon. This fact stipulates the relevance of the given study.

The methodological basis for the study was the scientific research papers of famous national and foreign scholars whose positions are presented in the article.

The knowledge obtained in the course of the study is that conceptual spaces and their more specific conceptual areas are involved in the formation of the meanings of mentefacts and they interact with each other when the mentefact collocates with the lexical units of the classifying constructions. This knowledge proves the multidimensional structure of human consciousness and the interpenetrability of its elements when the subject is able to consider abstract entities in terms of a particular one, and vice versa.

Keywords: mentefact, container, categorization, analogy, classifying construction, name.

Oksana F. ZADOBRIVSKAYA

e-mail: kesha25@list.ru

Cand. Sc. (Philology), Associate Professor, Department of the Germanic Languages and Methods of Their Teaching, Rybnitsa branch of the Pridnestrovian State University named after T.G. Shevchenko (Rybnitsa, Pridnestrovye)

1.   Krasnykh V.V. “Svoi” sredi “chuzhikh”: mif ili real'nost'? [“Welcomed” among strangers”: Myth or reality?]. Moscow, ITDK Gidis, 2003, 375 p.

2.   Leont'ev A.N. Deiatel'nost'. Soznanie. Lichnost' [Activity. Consciousness. Personality]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1975, 304 p.

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5.   Zadobrivskaia O.F. K voprosu o kriptoklasse [To the question of cryptoclass]. Vestnik Omskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. Gumanitarnye issledovaniia, 2018, no. 1, pp. 60–63.

6.   Chizhova L.A. Kognitivnaia kategoriia lokativnosti i razlichnye sposoby ee vyrazheniia v russkom iazyke [Cognitive locative category and its different presentations in Russian language]. Sovremennye problemy slavianskoi filologii – globalizatsiia i obuchenie russkomu iazyku. Proc. of Int. Acad. Conf. Taipei, NCCU, 2011, no. 10, pp. 3–16.

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8.   Rakhilina E.V. Kognitivnyi analiz predmetnykh imen: semantika i sochetaemost' [Cognitive analysis of subject names: Semantics and compatibility]. Moscow, Russkie slovari, 2008, 416 p.

9.   Zadobrivskaia O.F. Mentefakty idea i thought kak vmestilishche [Mental images idea and thought as a container]. WORLD SCIENCE: PROBLEMS AND INNOVATIONS. Proc. of 17th In. Acad. Conf.  Penza, Nauka i Prosveshchenie, 2018, prt. 3, pp 34–38.

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This study is an attempt to determine the specifics of abstract translation. This type of translation activity is presented in comparison with abstracting and full written translation. The author compares three aspects: the idea of the product of the activity from the point of view of the end user or reader, quality assessment criteria and the procedure components of these activities. The study results in several conclusions. As a product, the abstract translation is a brief and accurate presentation of the source text in a source language in the form of a secondary text in the target language. From the point of view of the procedures, the key difference between abstract translation and abstracting is the initial intention of the translator to create a secondary text in the target language and the implementation of translational abstracting, which is more complex in content, than the classical abstracting, although it includes its basic operations. The difference between an abstract translation and a full written translation here lies in the abstract component with all its features. Evaluation of the quality of abstract translation also differs from abstracting and full written translation. For abstract translation, the quality of the translation language is no less important than successfully completed translational abstracting, and the criteria of semantic adequacy and semantic equivalence differ from the criteria of adequacy and equivalence applicable to a full written translation. The main result of this research is that abstract translation is an independent type of translation activity, which demands mastering specific translation competencies and the training based on special methodological foundation.

Keywords: abstract translation, abstracting, abstract, full written translation, semantic adequacy, semantic equivalence, completeness.

Ekaterina S. KRAMNAYA

e-mail: kramnaya@yandex.ru

Senior Lecturer, Foreign Language Department, Yaroslavl State Technical University (Yaroslavl, Russian Federation)

1. Serova T.C. Modelirovanie protsessa annotatsionnogo perevoda v informatsionno-analiticheskoi deiatel'nosti perevodchika [Modeling the process of annotative translation in analytical activity of translators]. PNRPU Linguistics and Pedagogy Bulletin, 2012, no. 6 (45), pp. 3–12.
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4. Komalova L.R., Maiorova E.V. Oshibki i otkloneniia v protsesse referirovaniia: vzgliad lingvista [Errors and deviations in the summarization process: A linguist’s point of view]. Nauchno-tekhnicheskaia informatsiia. Seriia 1: Organizatsiia i metodika informatsionnoi raboty, 2021, no. 6, pp. 29–39. DOI 10.36535/0548-0019-2021-06-4.
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7. Nesterova N.M., Gerte N.A. Referirovanie kak sposob izvlecheniia i predstavleniia osnovnogo soderzhaniia teksta [Abstracting as a way to extract and present the main information of the text]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Rossiiskaia i zarubezhnaia filologiia, 2013, no. 4 (24), pp.127–132.
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This article considers the problem of variability in the ways of expressing an invariant semantic content of the source text in the process of technical translation teaching and justifies the necessity of focusing on the important characteristics of written technical translation: subjectivity, goal-orientedness, meaningfulness, structuredness, etc. The authors discuss the issues of invariance connection with the semantic content of the source text and its preservation in the texts of translation depending on variability actualization factors.

The authors pay special attention to the step-by-step process of forming and creating a program of semantic content of the source text as an invariant, represented by denotations as a sequence of words connected by sense, information units being a goal-result in the technology of the first type. The formulation and creation of the variants of texts of translation as a goal-result on the basis of the invariant semantic content in the second type of technology is studied in detail from the analytical and comparative perspective, drawing on eight factors to which the authors refer as particularly important for the realization of variability, namely multivalency, polysemy of language units and, above all, vocabulary, syntactic structures and models, the combination of all types of context, logical and semantic variation of the sequence of sentences in the text and others.

The article provides examples of creative revision of the invariant semantic content in Russian in comparison with the source text in English, and the creation of several versions of the texts of translation. These examples show which factors contribute to the variability most of all, allowing to see the difference between the text as a secondary product and its other versions.

Keywords: translation, speech activity, thought, semantic content, denotation, invariance, variation, source text, semantic relations, information unit.

Tamara S. SEROVA

e-mail: tamaraserowa@yandex.ru

Doctor of Education, Professor, Department of Foreign Languages, Linguistics and Translation, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (Perm, Russian Federation)

Elvina M. BULATOVA

e-mail: bulatova.elvina110400@gmail.com

Bachelor’s Student, Department of Foreign Languages, Linguistics and Translation, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (Perm, Russian Federation)

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The article deals with the problem of the typology of bilingualism in the process of forming professional bilingualism when teaching foreign languages to future translators and interpreters. Psychological and linguistic typologies of bilingualism are given. The approaches of well-known Russian and foreign scientists to the classification of bilingualism are analyzed and differences in the typology of bilingualism are revealed. The authors of the article turn to the description of the process of bilingualism formation among translators and interpreters. It is suggested that a special place in the formation of professional bilingualism is occupied by the mechanism of switching between languages and the action of transcoding. The connection of the linguistic typology of bilingualism with the concept of interlanguage interference is shown. At the stage of the formation of subordinate bilingualism, there is a mixture and mutual influence of the languages spoken by the bilingual, where interlanguage interference manifests itself. In coordinate bilingualism, speech is generated with the preservation of the language system, it is correct. However, with coordinate bilingualism, the transition from one language to another is complicated, since two language systems exist in the individual's consciousness independently of each other. Based on the analysis and comparison of approaches to the typology of bilingualism, the authors of the article come to the conclusion that during successful teaching of foreign languages, future translators form a balanced coordinate bilingualism, in which switching from one language to another occurs easily and the utterance is formed according to the norm of a foreign language.

Keywords: bilingualism, typology of bilingualism, teaching foreign languages, formation of bilingualism, switching mechanism.

Elena O. LESHKANOVA

e-mail: eoleshkanova@lunn.ru

Teaching Assistant, Department of the English Language of HSTI, Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistics University (Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation)

Elena R. PORSHNEVA

e-mail: eporshneva@gmail.com

Doctor of Education, Professor, Department of the French Language and Translation, Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistics University (Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation)

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Linguistic corpus being a collection of language data can be used not only for the purpose of linguistic research and translation but also as a pedagogical tool. Dealing with collocations is an important component of students’ foreign-language educational and cognitive competence. To develop the latter students should know how to use corpora because it can provide comprehensive and structured information about real word usage in a wide range of texts. The aim of the experiment described in this paper was to develop students’ ability to use corpora in order to enhance their foreign-language educational and cognitive competence. The experiment was conducted at the Tula State University and involved 78 first-year students majoring in PR and sociology. At the beginning of the experiment we established that the students lacked the knowledge of corpus linguistics terminology and showed unsatisfactory results while doing the collocation exercises. During the experiment the students learnt the basic terms of corpus linguistics and used the corpora when they were working through the special lexical exercises. The results of the test done by the students at the end of the experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of the suggested approach. The experiment helped to enhance students’ knowledge of collocability, develop their self-directed learning skills, stimulate their cognitive interest in studying foreign languages and increase their learning motivation. The results of the experiment corroborate previous findings that linguistic corpus is an effective tool for the development of different language skills.

Keywords: linguistic corpus, concordance, collocability, foreign-language educational and cognitive competence, collocation.

Viktoria I. IVANOVA

e-mail: vik2662009@yandex.ru

Doctor of Education, Professor, Chairman of Linguistics and Translation Department, Tula State University (Tula, Russian Federation)

Tatiana I. KULAGINA

e-mail: tik71357@yandex.ru

PhD Student, Linguistics and Translation Department, Tula State University (Tula, Russian Federation)

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The article describes the design and verification of the education technology for defining a semantic scope of the source text in the process of interpreter’s listening comprehension. The author proposes the technology, which allows interpreters to identify, conceptualize and capture the information units as denotative semantic series. The study unravels the methodological implications of the education technology, which include (1) the information and cognitive level, being the basic level of a foreign language dialogic verbal communication, (2) a semantically complete speech discourse unit, being the object of interpreter’s listening comprehension training, (3) thoughts, being the subject of interpreting, (4) actualization of the levels of semantic series, being integrated with the lexical, grammatical, syntactical, phonetic and phonatory means, along with the means of non-verbal communication, (5) actualization of verbal and activity units, being unified in the process of technical interpreter’s training, for speech perception and production, (6) the unity and interconnectedness of teaching and training processes. The author provides a definition for the interpreter's listening comprehension skills and specifies the conditions for their development in the process of training. The study provides the verification algorithm for the education technology that teaches interpreters to define a semantic scope of the source text in the process of listening comprehension. This algorithm describes the experimental subjects and study process, as well as the textual and speech materials as the objects of recognizing, identifying, conceptualizing and capturing the absolute amount of ideas. It also demonstrates a sequence of steps to be taken for the assessment and control over the education outcomes, both written and spoken. In conclusion, the author offers an analysis of quantitative and qualitative table data that demonstrate the level of interpreter’s listening comprehension skills. Several factors that determine the positive dynamics for the development of such skills are presented in this research.

Keywords: interpreting, interpreter’s listening comprehension, interpreter’s skills, education technology, denotative semantic series, thought, cogitation, verbal and cogitative activity, verbal communication.

Marina P. KOVALENKO

e-mail: kovalenkomarin@yandex.ru

Cand. Sc. (Pedagogy), Associate Professor, Foreign Languages, Linguistics and Translation Department, Perm National research Polytechnic University (Perm, Russian Federation)

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The programme of additional professional education (professional development programme) “Translator in the Sphere of Professional Communication” (the programme “Translator”) has been successfully implemented in Russian universities for more than 20 years. During these years the programme’s legal status has changed, approaches to translators’ teaching have evolved, new pedagogical technologies have been designed, education acquisition conditions have been altered. Some universities realising the programme “Translator” have been actively reshaping it in accordance with current requirements while in others upgrading the programme has not been so dynamic. To create a modern and qualitative curriculum of the programme “Translator” it is necessary to analyse an existing Russian and foreign experience of teaching translators in the sphere of professional communication and analyze the students’ needs.

To identify the “Translator” students’ needs and their attitude to the educational process at the Saratov State Law Academy the author conducted an online survey (114 respondents (male – 40,4 %, female – 59,6 %), average age M=19.8). Respondents’ answers confirmed conclusions made after academic literature analysis. This resulted in setting forth basic principles of the programme curriculum development: (1) practical classes’ predominance, (2) teaching theoretical disciplines in different formats (including distance technologies), (3) integration of “Translation Theory” and “Practical Course of Professionally Oriented Translation”, (4) using ICT both as a teaching means and as a translators’ professional activities tool, (5) development of specialised courses and/or electives in line with the students’ major.

Keywords: additional professional qualification (minor), lawyer-translator, curriculum, students’ needs analysis, distance learning technologies.

Elena G. VYUSHKINA

e-mail: vyushkina@mail.ru

Cand. Sc. (Pedagogy), Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages, Saratov State Law Academy (Saratov, Russian Federation)

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2. Tseloval'nikova D.N. K voprosu o samostoiatel'noi rabote studentov v ramkakh kursa “Teoriia perevoda” [On the issue of students’ independent work during the course “Theory of translation”]. Organizatsiia samostoiatel'noi raboty studentov po inostrannym iazykam, 2019, no. 2, pp. 189–194.

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The article deals with the issue of formation of cultural-educational space while learning foreign languages by technical students. The problem seems to be relevant as institutes of higher education are primarily aimed at forming professional competencies in future engineers and do not pay proper attention to the process of young people up-bringing or the development of their personal characteristics, value orientations, moral and ethic essential forces. The author posits that pedagogical activity of any higher school in the frames of a cultural-educational space, that provides the growth of students’ cultural capital, should obviously be of prime importance.

The article overviews the results of the academia research into educational space, its essence, main features and functions. On the basis of the literature studied, the author presents a definition of the educational space. It is treated as a multi-level structure that includes the initial conception, goals; activity aimed at achieving these goals, and that is characterized by subjective relationships of all participants of the process, who are intended to experience moral development and spiritual self-perfection.

The article also introduces the idea of certain scholars who link the notion of “education” with the notion of “culture”. These experts consider that it is necessary to create the cultural-educational space in schools and colleges.

The analysis of theoretical scientific and methodic literature let the author of the article conclude that formation of cultural-educational space should be based on culturological, axiological and activity approaches. One of the variants of the latter one is the so-called eventual approach, when the key technological condition of functioning of educational space is the co-working of students, teachers and other participants of the educational process, their eventual unanimity.

The article presents the readers with the concrete practical example of formation of cultural-educational space – the initiative of the Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics of the Volga State University of Technology. In author’s view, the important tools of creating the cultural-educational space in the context of foreign language education are the annual cultural-educational actions – linguistic events as a part of the Challenger language programme. Among the most popular are dictation in English (Total English), linguistic dictation called Linguistic Challenge, fiction and popular-science quizzes, video contests in the format of digital storytelling.

Keywords: educational process, educational system, cultural-educational space, tools of formation, cultural-educational action, linguistic dictation, digital narration.

Nadezhda G. EGOSHINA

e-mail: egoshina.nadezhda@mail.ru

Cand. Sc. (Pedagogy), Associate Professor, Chair of Foreign Languages and Linguistics, Volga State Technological University (Yoshkar-Ola, Russian Federation)

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Information perception research analysis along with the personal experience in practical investigation of digital, kinesthetic, visual, audial modalities using psycholinguistic methods allowed the author to develop a leading perception modality test. The test includes fourteen questions, which, on the one hand, does not make participants feel tired, and on the other hand, such an amount is quite enough to get relevant data on the dominance of this or that modality. The specifics of the tests is in the possibility to choose two answers giving them different points, which helps to define the hierarchy of perception modalities in the consciousness of a person under test in a more accurate way. Practical relevance of the test lies in the possibility of its use in education, communicative linguistics, business communications, recruiting. Revealing dominant perception modalities of the teacher and the student can help to choose the right strategy of interaction during the lesson leading to learning process efficiency improvement. Revealing whether the participant is a digital, kinesthetic, visual or auditory person can be useful during choosing one`s future career events, when evaluating personal traits, while investigating changes in the language structure of the consciousness of modern humans. The test procedure can serve as the first stage of a scientific research followed by a linguistic analysis of language units received from four groups of participants.

Keywords: test, perception modality, digital, visual, kinesthetic, audial.

Adel I. NAVALIKHINA

e-mail: adellina1@yandex.ru

Cand. Sc. (Philology), Associate Professor, Innovation Technologies of Language Communication Department, Ufa State Aviation Technical University (Ufa, Russian Federation)

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The paper covers the problem of the thesaurus approach to the development of the structural organization of an individual bilingual terminological translation lexicon of the translator in the technical field. It is noted that the thesaurus is the most effective way to introduce and consolidate vocabulary (in a foreign language), in which each concept appears with all the diverse connections and excludes a random grouping of words in semantic terms, a distinctive feature of thesauruses (thesaurus-type dictionaries) is the presence of more than one entry into the vocabulary, which allows, if necessary, to extract information quickly.

The author refers to the functions of the thesaurus (to form students' knowledge about the subject domain, to form terminological competence, to reflect the potential – paradigmatic and syntagmatic – connections of leading terms, to represent the realized functions of lexical means in speech, to implement training in various types of foreign language speech activity, to provide an information basis for professionally-oriented communication) and the tasks that need to be solved for the qualitative development of its corpus. By analyzing existing educational terminological dictionaries of thesaurus type the optimum structure of such a lexicon has been determined. Texts and fragments of texts are also included as a part of lexicon to accumulate information about word meaning in different contexts.

It is highlighted that lexicon of thesaurus type is important not just for providing terminological and foreign language lexical competence, but also for creating a complete professional picture of the subject domain.

Keywords: terms, term system, definition, key concept, key words-terms, thesaurus, translation lexicon.

Dmitry A. FILIMONTSEV

e-mail: dimfilim123@gmail.com

PhD Student, Department of Foreign Languages, Linguistics and Translation, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (Perm, Russian Federation)

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