The article attempts for the first time to consider ship models not only as sources on the history of shipbuilding in general but also on ship weapons in particular. The relevance of the work lies in the importance of preserving the material and historical heritage of the Russian fleet, and insufficient coverage in historical science of the experience of using ship models in the interests of the Navy. The Central Naval Museum has a significant collection of ship models, ship mechanisms, and naval weapons, according to which, due to the accurate transfer of appearance, design, scale, and careful detailing  of the elements and parts  of weapons, it is possible to study a particular period in the history of the fleet and the development of weapons. Thus, a model of a warship, being in the halls of a museum or in the storage, does not lose its function as an element of the project, while remaining a historical relic, an artifact  of shipbuilding thought, and often an object of decorative and applied art. Materials stored in museums can serve practical purposes. Using these examples, new generations of Russians get acquainted with the visible chronicle of the Navy and the destinies of remarkable ships within the walls of the museum. The purpose of the article is to attract attention to objects from the museum’s collection not only of  specialists in the field of naval history, shipbuilders, and design engineers but also of people interested in the fleet. The paper  aims to establish a  connection between the accumulated experience of ancestors and the work of contemporaries. The author used the historical-comparative method traditionally applied  in historical science, which allows us to talk about the development of classes and types of ships, as well as naval weapons, in the domestic fleet. As a result of the study, the author offers a new look at widely and little-known facts from the history of our fleet and presents a modern understanding of the study of ship models. The most striking examples of such objects from the museum collection are shown.

Keywords:

ship model, ship weapons, museum, museum object, museum collection,  The Central Naval Museum after the Emperor Peter the Great, ship modeling, collection of ship models, history of the Navy.

Evgenia V. Ovsyannikova – Researcher at the Museum Department (funds),
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7753-0865, e-mail: 508199247@mail.ru.

1. Oruzhie Rossiiskogo flota (1696-1996) [Weapons of the Russian Navy (1696-1996)]. Eds. A.M. Petrov, V.D. Dotsenko, B.I. Rodionova. Saint Petersburg, Sudostroenie, 1996, 280 p.
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3. Chernyshev A.A. Rossiiskii parusnyi flot. Tom 2 [Russian sailing fleet. Vol. 2]. Moscow, Voenizdat, 2002, 480 p.
4. Morskoi muzei Rossii. Tsentral'nyi Voenno-Morskoi muzei [Maritime Museum of Russia. Central Naval Museum]. Ed. S.D. Klimovskii. Saint Petersburg, ART-Palas, 2000, 199 p.
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The article is devoted to the experience of using combat missiles in the Caucasian War (1817–1864).

Today, rocket artillery is one of the most advanced and rapidly developing branches of artillery, but  this type of weapon has come a long way to take its place in the arsenals of the  world’s armies .

The purpose of this article is to analyze the use of rocket artillery by all parties to  the Caucasian War of 1817-1864. The research objectives are: to consider the features of the missile weapons production  and identify the course of rocket artillery participation in military campaigns in the Caucasus in the 19th century.

The methodological basis of the article is the methods of historicism and objectivity. The author turns to a systematic scientific analysis that allows us to consider the entire complex of factors.

As European powers developed the production of military rockets, Russia also  became interested in them. The military considered rocket artillery as a promising weapon capable of replacing all land smooth-bore artillery. The Military Scientific Committee promoted developments in domestic rocket science. But  the issue of industrial production of missiles for the needs of the army was not resolved for a long time due to their low military efficiency compared to European counterparts.

The impetus for the creation of the first rocket manufacturing enterprise - the St. Petersburg Rocket Establishment - was given by  the war that started in the Caucasus. Light and mobile combat missiles demonstrated their undeniable superiority in the mountainous terrain.

Shamil, the Imam of the Caucasus, was also interested in rocket artillery. He tried to establish the production of this type of weapon. The production of gunpowder and iron casting was organized in the Imamate, but they failed to succeed in this endeavor. Most of the rocket artillery of Shamil's army was captured shells.

For a long time, military rockets were used exclusively in the Caucasus, but with the development of tactical and technical qualities of weapons, many military districts began to form permanent missile companies.

With the defeat in the Crimean War (1853–1856), interest in rockets waned, and by 1886 the production of rocket artillery had declined. But the theoretical and practical developments made during this period became the basis of international and domestic rocket science.

Keywords:

Caucasian War, combat missiles, rocket artillery, A.P. Ermolov, M.S. Vorontsov, Shamil, Russian-Turkish war, Crimean war.

Viktoria V. Popova – Candidate of Sciences (Philosophy), Associate Professor, R10 Philosophy Department,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9087-4001, e-mail: verakero@yandex.ru.

1. Kavkazskii sbornik. Tom 1-21 [Caucasian collection. Vol. 1-21]. Tiflis, 1876-1900.
2.  Berger A.P.Chechnia i chechentsy [Chechnya and Chechens]. Tiflis, Kantseliariia namestnika na Kavkaze E.I.V. na Kavkaze, 1859, 140 p.
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4. Potto V.A. Kavkazskaia voina v otdel'nykh ocherkakh, epizodakh, legendakh i biografiiakh. Tom 1-5 [The Caucasian War in individual essays, episodes, legends and biographies. Vol. 1-5]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiia E. Evdakimova, 1887–1890.
5. Runovsky A.I. Zapiski o Shamile [Notes about Shamil]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiia Karla Vul'fa, 1860, 54 p.
6. Ghisetti A.L. Sbornik svedenii o poteriakh Kavkazskikh voisk vo vremia voin Kavkazsko-gorskoi, persidskikh, turetskikh i v Zakaspiiskom krae. 1801–1885 gg. [A collection of information about the losses of the Caucasian troops during the Caucasian-Mountain, Persian, Turkish and Trans-Caspian wars. 1801–1885]. Tiflis, Tipografiia Ia.I. Libermana, 1901, 230 p.
7. Dubrovin N.F. Istoriia voin i vladychestva russkikh na Kavkaze. Tom 1, kniga 1 [History of wars and Russian rule in the Caucasus. Vol.1, book 1]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiia Departamenta udelov, Liteinyi prospekt, d. №39, 1871 , 669 p.
8. Pokrovsky M.N. Diplomatiia i voiny tsarskoi Rossii v XIX stoletii [Diplomacy and wars of Tsarist Russia in the 19th century]. Moscow, Krasnaia nov', 1924, 392 p.
9. Genko A.N. Arabskaia karta Chechni epokhi Shamilia [Arab map of Chechnya during the Shamil era]. Zapiski Instituta vostokovedeniia, 1933, vol. II, iss. I, pp. 21-37.
10. Bushev S.K. Bor'ba gortsev za nezavisimost' pod rukovodstvom Shamilia [The mountaineers' struggle for independence under the leadership of Shamil]. Moscow, Leningrad, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk Soiuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, 1939, 183 p.
11. Bushuev S.K. Istoriia Dagestana: v 4-kh tomakh [History of Dagestan: in 4 volumes]. Moscow, Nauka, 1968, 368 p.
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14. Ortabaev B.Kh., Totoev F.V. Eshche raz o Kavkazskoi voine: o ee sotsial'nykh istokakh i sushchnosti [Once again about the Caucasian War: about its social origins and essence]. Istoriia SSSR, 1988, no. 4, pp. 78–96.
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18. Degoev V.V. Imam Shamil': prorok, vlastitel', voin [Imam Shamil: prophet, ruler, warrior]. Moscow, Russkaia panorama, 2001, 376 p.
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21. Pervov M.A. Rasskazy o russkikh raketakh. Kniga pervaia [Stories about Russian missiles.  Book 1]. Moscow, Izdatel`skii dom «Stolichnaia entsiklopediia», 2012, 320 p.
22. Savelyev A.E.Spetsifika boevykh deistvii Kavkazskoi voiny 1817–1864 gg. [Specifics of the combat operations of the Caucasian War of 1817–1864]. Bulletin of Krasnodar University of Russian MIA, 2011, no. 1, pp. 13-18.
23. Dadaev Yu.U. Tilakaeva Kh.O. Izgotovlenie i ispol'zovanie porokha v gosudarstve Shamilia [Production and use of gunpowder in the Shamil state]. Vestnik instituta IAE, 2016, no. 4, pp. 42-46.
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At the end of the ХIX сentury, industrial machinery was replacing manual labor in manufacturing, and different motors and advanced technologies were being introduced.  One of the main reasons for technical improvement was the desire to catch up with the leading foreign powers in terms of output. The military sphere was no exception. A key step towards creating a combat-ready army was the military reform of D.A. Milyutin. Its goal was the technical modernization of the army, which could not be achieved without the development of domestic industry.

However, until now, the topic of creating defense plants has not been sufficiently represented in the domestic literature. The history of the formation and development of the military industry in the pre-revolutionary period is the least covered.

This publication reveals the issues of choosing a site for the construction of enterprises of the domestic defense industry on the example of the Samara Detonator factory. This Volga region enterprise was created at the beginning of the 20th century and produced elements of artillery ammunition as well as civilian products. The main types of manufactured product range were tubes and fuses (devices designed to detonate ammunition in flight on a given trajectory or in contact with a target), i.e. the most technologically sophisticated means of initiating artillery shells.

The specialized funds of a number of federal, regional, and departmental archives of Russia, as well as published legislative acts, were used as a source base.

In preparing the publication, historical-genetic and systematic methods of research were applied. The subject under consideration was consistently studied and the key features of choosing a site for the construction of the plant were identified. The statistical method and the schematization method were used as auxiliary research methods.

The author comes to the conclusion that after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the need of the Russian army for ammunition, as well as fuses and remote tubes, increased significantly. The insufficient supply of this type of ordnance was the reason for the expansion of production in the military-industrial sphere. By that time, the only state-owned Petersburg Detonator Plant could not cope with the entire load of producing means of initiating artillery ammunition, so the city of Samara was chosen to help it. The land plots examined by the commission to select a site for the construction of new military plants both in the territory of the Samara province and in Russia as a whole were later used to accommodate new defense production during the First World War of 1914-1918. The question of choosing this particular city on the Volga was discussed in the previous article.

This article examines the procedure for the work of a special commission of the Main Artillery Directorate of the Military Ministry of the Russian Empire (hereinafter referred to as GAU) to select a site for the construction of a second detonator plant in Samara. The main problems faced by the specified commission in the course of solving this issue are characterized. The proposals of the Samara city authorities and local business leaders who were ready to provide land for national needs, including on a gratuitous basis, are analyzed and evaluated.

Keywords:

Russian Empire, Main Artillery Directorate, military industry, detonator industry, Samara Detonator Factory, detonators, fuses.

German A. Syskin – Ingineer, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5432-3452,
e-mail: GermanPetrograd@mail.ru.

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The use of cars at arms industry enterprises in the initial period of their spread in Russia was a factor contributing to the fulfillment of government orders, as a result of which this issue deserves a separate study. The purpose of this article is to determine the role of the vehicle fleet in the transport infrastructure of the Tula Arms Plant in the first quarter of the twentieth century. This company was founded in 1712, and by the beginning of the 20th century, it was the recognized leader among the country's arms factories in the production of small arms. The author sets the following tasks: to characterize the transport system of the enterprise during the period under review, to trace the process  of the factory vehicle fleet formation, and to analyze the factors that influenced the efficiency of its functioning.  Materials from the State Institution “State Archive of the Tula Region” were used to prepare this study. The  effectiveness of the introduction of mechanical transport was assessed using historical-descriptive, historical-systemic, and quantitative analysis methods. Thanks to the introduction of previously unused documents into scientific circulation, it was possible for the first time to recreate a complete picture of the use of road transport in the military industry in the 1910-20s on the example of the Tula Arms Plant. The article shows the main problems that the plant management faced in the process of organizing the garage. Attention is paid to the personnel who stood at the origins of the machine operation . It was noted that the appearance of the factory vehicle fleet was a significant event not only for the plant but also for the city of Tula. The author has established that the introduction of motor transport was a qualitatively new stage in the development of TAP infrastructure, which contributed to the formation of its modern appearance. However, a number of objective organizational, technical, material reasons and the general level of the country’s transport network development in the 20s of the 20th century did not allow the garage to become a leading link in meeting the transport needs of the plant.

Keywords:

Tula, Tula Arms Plant, defense industry, transport infrastructure, car, car fleet, cargo transportation, small arms.

Maria B. Krapiventseva – Candidate of Sciences (History), Curator of Museum Objects,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3413-2808,  e-mail: orticatula@gmail.com.

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5. Bochkov E.A. Avtomobil' i Krasnaia armiia [The car and the Red Army]. Bulletin of Pushkin Leningrad State University, 2012, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 27–37.

6. Dremlyuga A.A. Ot avtomobilei k sozdaniiu bronetankovykh podrazdelenii Krasnoi Armii [From cars to the creation of armored units of the Red Army]. Sovremennye aspekty razvitiia i bezavariinoi ekspluatatsii avtomobil'noi tekhniki (bronetankovogo vooruzheniia i tekhniki): Sbornik nauchnykh statei mezhvuzovskoi nauchno-tekhnicheskoi konferentsii. Novosibirsk, 26 maia 2021 goda. Novosibirsk, 2021, pp. 63–68.

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The Red Army command  sought to use for military purposes not only scientific discoveries and technical achievements of Soviet inventors and scientists but also trained dogs and pigeons as an effective and cheap means of solving military problems. The decision to use animals and birds was born after rethinking the results of their combat application on the fields of the First World War, where they were mainly employed to maintain communications, search for the wounded, and protect military facilities.

In the Red Army, dogs and birds began to be trained in order to expand the capabilities of troops during the organization of communications, supply of ammunition, sanitary evacuation of the wounded from the battlefield, chemical and biological reconnaissance, combating enemy armored vehicles, and carrying out sabotage actions. In a short time, breeding and training kennels and pigeon stations were established in the Soviet Union. Efforts   to popularize dog and pigeon breeding among the civilian population were made.

The article presents the views of the Red Army command on the use of animals and birds trained to destroy enemy manpower, military equipment, and communications. The author shows unknown aspects of preparing dogs and pigeons for sabotage operations in the pre-war period and during the Great Patriotic War at military training grounds and facilities. Some cases of testing the destructive agents intended for use by trained birds and animals are presented. Assuming that the enemy would use similar weapons (dogs and pigeons), the Red Army command took measures to develop means and methods of protecting its equipment and personnel. The article examines the means of protecting military equipment from damage by dogs developed by scientific institutions.
The author touches upon the issue of training dogs to organize the sanitary evacuation of wounded soldiers from the battlefield. As the experience of the Great Patriotic War showed, dog sanitary carts  turned out to be indispensable in a number of cases and saved tens of thousands of wounded soldiers.

Keywords:

tank fighter dogs, saboteur dogs, dogs in war, dog training, service dog breeding, tank protection devices, dog sleds, pigeon communication, birds in war, pigeon projectile.

Sergey A. Bezuglov – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Research Institute (Military History),
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1651-9723, e-mail: s.a.bezuglov@mail.ru. 

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3. Shvabsky V.L. Sobaka na voinskoi sluzhbe [A dog in military service]. Moscow, 2017.
4. Arkhiv muzeia 470 uchebnogo ordena Krasnoi Zvezdy tsentra sluzhebnogo sobakovodstva Vooruzhennykh Sil Rossiiskoi Federatsii imeni general-maiora G.P. Medvedeva, d. 7, l.8.
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7. Uchebnik mladshego komandira voenno-golubinoi sviazi RKKA [Textbook for junior commander of military pigeon communications of the Red Army]. Moscow, 1939.
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Biographical research has been used since the birth of science, but biographic study became a separate area of scientific knowledge at the end of the 20th century. These studies form the basis for understanding human behavior in certain historical events. At the same time, analyzing an individual’s biography makes it possible to understand, using the example of this person, what the society was like at a certain period. Thus, historical research that illuminates the life path of a person allows us to see the mutual influence of the society and the individual. Most of all, such mutual influence is visible in the life of famous historical figures. Responding to this trend, today museums  pay great attention to personal stories, composing a "museum biography" through the personification of the museum space. This is manifested in creation and development of memorial museums where the objects related to the life and work of a certain person are documented.

Documents containing direct statements of personal nature, as well as objects and other indirect evidence that fix objective information, become sources for the study of a person's biography. They help to assess the personality and his actions comprehensively, from all sides. The purpose of the research is to demonstrate the capabilities of a memorial museum as a comprehensive source of information about the life and work of a historical figure on the example of the G.S. Shpagin memorial house. The author sets the tasks  to consider museum objects in a logical and sensory interpretation and to study the possibilities to reflect the fragments of historical reality through memorial objects.

The research presents a new way of communicating the biography of a person through museum work.

The scientific novelty of the study lies in comprehensive consideration of the information potential of a memorial museum.

General scientific and special scientific research methods were used: historical and cultural one, which made it possible to consider museumization in the general context of preserving history, and content analysis, which was applied to interpret the meaning of museum objects.

As a result, the ability of a memorial museum to be a comprehensive source of information about the life and work of a historical person was demonstrated.

Keywords:

G.S. Shpagin, memorial house, Shpagin submachine gun, constructor, exposition, museum object, Great Patriotic War, exhibit, personal belongings, documents, photographs.

Marina Yu. Pislegina – Director, ORCID: 0000-0003-33-27-7973, e-mail: vpim_vp@mail.ru.

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6.  Voennaia istoriia Gruzinskogo grenaderskogo E. I. V. velikogo kniazia Konstantina Nikolaevicha polka, v sviazi s istoriei Kavkazskoi voiny: s deviat'iu kartami i planami srazhenii [Military history of the Georgian Grenadier E.I.V. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich Regiment, in connection with the history of the Caucasian War: with nine maps and battle plans]. Ed. G. Kazbek. Tiflis, Tipografiia Melikova i Ko, 1865, vol. IV, X, 287 p.
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The article is dedicated to one of the rare exhibits of the Museum of Domestic Military History: experimental 20-mm anti-tank rifle RES which had been designed and tested  for the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War. Development, testing, and introduction to military service of this anti-tank rifle is a good sample of decision making in the Soviet State military management system.

The task of research is to formulate a scientific answer to the question about the causes of delays in launching mass-production of a high-performance anti-tank rifle RES  despite the Red Army infantry urgent needs for an effective anti-tank weapon. There are some hard-to-explain delays in the RES life-cycle that prevented its transition from  army testing to mass-production. Teething problems of the RES were the same as in case of the  mass-produced PTRD and PTRS. Insufficient armor-piercing capabilities of the PTRD and PTRS were clear for the  Main Artillery Directorate that was responsible for anti-tank rifles in the  Red Army.

Despite the interest of high-ranking and well-known as a soviet repressive machine leader L.P. Beria  in the RES project, until the war ended the high-performance rifles did not reach the battlefields. The article describes a few factors that influenced decision making. The first one is bureaucratic delays due to the Main Artillery Directorate desire to follow the prescribed weapon life-cycle procedures after the 1941 crisis was over. The second one is objective factors connected to armor protection development of German tanks. German engineers' and military leaders’ steps to increase tanks and self-propelled guns armor-protection were really effective in view of anti-tank rifles performance. The third influence is the presence in the USSR of alternative anti-tank weapon projects by other engineering teams. The research is based on a wide range of documents.

Keywords:

Great Patriotic War, Red Army, Anti-Tank Rifles, RES, L.P.Beria, State Defense Committee, Ordnance, Main Artillery Directorate, armament testing, Padikovo Museum.

Alexey V. Isaev – Candidate of Sciences (History), Head of Laboratory of Military Economics History,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2983-8184, e-mail: alex.v.isaev@gmail.com.

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12. Materialy po protivotankovym ruzh'iam razlichnykh kalibrov. 1944 [Materials on anti-tank rifles of various calibers. 1944]. TsAMO RF, f. 81, op. 12040, d. 89.

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The article deals with one of the most controversial problems that attracts the attention of both professional historians and artists, namely the topic of disciplinary battalions, disciplinary companies and their servicemen in the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. This topic is multidimensional and, without claiming to cover all or at least most of its aspects, we have focused on the study of the normative and legal foundations of the organization of disciplinary battalions and disciplinary companies. The exploration of this aspect is inevitably connected with the confrontation of facts and their analysis with various mythologems and speculations on the subject of disciplinary units in the Red Army.

The author examines not only the orders of the People's Commissariats of the USSR, primarily the People's Commissariat of Defense (hereinafter - PCD), but also pre-war legislation, in particular, the Criminal Code of the Russian SFSR of 1926 and the criminal legislation of the Union republics within the USSR, which allows us to find in the pre-war criminal legislation the possibility of replacing a conviction, punishing a serviceman in wartime with imprisonment without loss of rights, with sending him to the active army, with the sentence execution being postponed until the end of hostilities. Consequently, there is a reason to assert that the normative-legal acts issued during the Great Patriotic War and, in one way or another, related to disciplinary units were adopted on the basis of and in fulfillment of the Criminal Code of the Russian SFSR of 1926 and similar codes of the Union republics.

We believe that, contrary to the opinion that the creation of disciplinary units was an extremely cruel and unjustified measure of the Soviet command, this decision was dictated by the extremely difficult situation at the fronts at the height of the summer of 1942 and contributed to the strengthening of discipline both at the front and in the troops of the internal districts, i.e. was necessary and justified. The very assignment to a disciplinary unit did not mean a death sentence, either legally or actually, ; rather it gave a chance to perpetrators to be released or to have their criminal punishment commuted. The author also examines the grounds for assignment to the Red Army disciplinary units.

Keywords:

PCD orders, disciplinary battalions, disciplinary companies, irrecoverable losses, sentence of military tribunal, corpus delicti, Soviet legislation, postponement of sentence execution, supreme measure of social protection.

Andrey V. Levchenko  – Candidate of Sciences (Philosophy), Docent, Associate Professor of Philosophy and Law Department, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3002-9563, e-mail: lev4enko.andrei_2016@mail.ru.

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The article aims to consolidate information regarding flight development tests of the 8K99 missile at the 53rd field research facility of the USSR Ministry of Defense (Archangelsk Region, Mirnyj). Besides official and technical documentation, archive papers of testing military units and test participants’ memories are used.

The ocean-spanning missile 8K99 was developed in the Yuzhnoe Design Office (Dnepropetrovsk City) during the first half of the 1960s . It was intended for combat use within the Strategic Missile Forces as part of mobile and fixed missile systems.

For the flight development tests of the 8K99 missile, there was built an experimental testing base (including technical and missile launch sites, command, measurement and computer complexes, etc.) and infrastructure facilities (roads, bridges), prepared drop areas for separated missile’s parts along its motion path and training target areas, set up testing military units, and trained engineering and technical personnel.

During 1967-69, there were carried out flight development tests of the 8K99 missile as a part of the 15П699 mobile ground missile system. Despite overall positive results, the missile’s tests were discontinued.

The 8К99 missile was not accepted for service, but its creation contributed to the development of national missilery. A set of ingenious engineering solutions are being used up to now in developing ocean-spanning missiles and space rockets. During flight development tests, testing military units’ personnel gained experience in operating complicated, dangerous, and sensitive systems.

Keywords:

missile system, ocean-spanning missile,experimental testing base, flight development tests.

Alexander V. Tolochko – Candidate of Sciences (History), Mod Unit Commander, Colonel,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9292-0598, e-mail: zvezdny68@mail.ru. 

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The article examines the historical environment of the Motovilikha Plants in the context of the formation of cultural heritage sites in the Motovilikha District - places of interest, monuments, and ensembles.

The purpose of the study is to determine the place and importance of the Motovilikha factories as an industrial heritage in the context of the city of Perm.

With this goal, the following tasks are put forward:

1) to consider the formation of the historical environment of the plant and the district in the context of identifying cultural heritage sites; and

2) to examine potential cultural heritage sites in the factory area.

Based on these problems,the study uses a constructivist approach, including the technique of interpretation, comparison, and generalization.

The challenge of integrating industrial facilities into the modern urban environment is relevant for Perm. The gradual development of society and a change in its attitude to the industrial heritage, the level of wear and tear on old factories, modernization, and the need to create more advanced production facilities at new sites lead to a natural question of what to do with the objects of industrial heritage?

Motovilikha Plants are no exception. The enterprise specifics are such that the factory located in the structure of the city, like many defense-oriented factories, is inaccessible to most Permians and guests of the city, storing the fruits of engineering, samples of products and production, and unique archival materials.

Many of the industrial buildings that have survived to our time are in disrepair, which increases the likelihood of their complete destruction with every year. The situation is complicated by the fact that the mechanisms of the city administration's influence on the enterprise in order to preserve historical buildings do not allow them to begin restoration; at the same time, the plant is not able to carry out repairs on its own in the current situation.

This leads to the fact that industrial heritage sites continue to be cut off from society which does not have the opportunity to study their history, revealing the industrial potential of the city of Perm. It turns out that formally being in the urban space, the objects of industrial heritage are outside it.

It is for this reason that the problem of integrating industrial heritage sites into the urban environment and the society is relevant and requires consideration.

Keywords:

Motovilikha Plants, Motovilikha, Perm, cultural heritage sites, industrial heritage, history of the Urals, industrial history, monuments.

Vladimir A. Veretenov – Director, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0803-0853,
e-mail: vtenoff@gmail.ru.

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