Currently, refocusing on low-rise construction market is a global trend of the all-Russian construction. This is associated with the advantages of low-rise construction in comparison with the high-rise construction, as an increase in the rate of construction and the reduction of material costs. It is easier to use new energy-efficient building technologies, such construction is obtained autonomous, acquires greater structural stability and architectural uniqueness, and the cost per square meter is greatly reduced at the construction of low-rise buildings. The development of low-rise buildings in our country is also directed to the solution of such important social issues as housing large families and the resettlement of people from emergency and dilapidated housing. One of the limiting factors of a wide introduction of innovative technologies in our region is the shortage of qualified personnel capable of solving the above-mentioned geotechnical problems. The competitive advantage of the planned master's program "Innovative technologies of low-rise building" is the formation of such unique professional competencies of masters such as: possession of skills geotechnical risk assessment and forecast of the geotechnical situation with low-rise buildings; the ability to design energy-efficient foundation, the use of modern materials and apply innovative construction technology low-rise buildings. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a wide range of geotechnical specialists, builders who want to improve and expand the professional specialization, graduates of non-civil higher education institutions willing retrain professionally, as well as citizens who want to solve the housing problem on their own with the developed master's program, its features and benefits. The basis of the formation of the educational program formed professional standards in the field of construction and the wishes of potential employers. The educational program has clearly defined objectives, consistent with the mission of the university and with the relevant requests of potential users of the program.

Keywords: low-rise building, the mission of the university, Master, innovation, educational program

Пономарев Андрей Будимирович – доктор технических наук, профессор, e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru.

Сычкина Евгения Николаевна – кандидат технических наук, доцент, e-mail: aspirant123@mail.ru. 

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5. Chuchalin A.I., Gerasimov S.I. Kompetentsii vypusknikov inzhenernykh programm: natsional′nye i mezhdunarodnye standarty [The competence of graduates of engineering programs: national and international standards]. Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii, 2012, no. 10,
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6. Chuchalin A.I. “Amerikanskaia” i “bolonskaia” model′ inzhenera: sravnitel′nyi analiz kompetentsii [“American” and “Bologna” model engineer: a comparative analysis of competencies]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 2007, no. 1, pp. 84-93.

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12. Ponomarеv A.B., Vakhrushev S.I. Opyt podgotovki magisterskoi programmy “Podzemnoe i gorodskoe stroitel'stvo” napravleniia 270800.68 “Stroitel'stvo” k professional'no-obshchestvennoi akkreditatsii Akkreditatsionnym tsentrom Assotsiatsii inzhenernogo obrazovaniia v Rossii [Experience of preparation of the master’s program “Underground and urban construction” Directions 270800.68 “Building” for professional-public accreditation by the accreditation center of association for the engineering education of Russia]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2014, no. 3, pp. 290-300.

13. Ponomarеv A.B., Vakhrushev S.I. Razrabotka uchebno-metodicheskogo kompleksa distsipliny (modulia) po napravleniiu podgotovki 270800 – Stroitel'stvo [Development of educational and methodical complex of discipline (module) in the direction of training 270800 – Building]. Mezhdunarodnoe soveshchanie zaveduiushchikh kafedrami mekhaniki gruntov, osnovanii i fundamentov, podzemnogo stroitel'stva i gidrotekhnicheskikh rabot, inzhenernoi geologii i geoekologii stroitel'nykh vuzov i fakul'tetov. Kazan': Kazanskii gosudarstvennyi arkhitekturno-stroitel′nyi universitet, 2012, pp. 155-159.

14. Ponomarev A.B., Vakhrushev S.I. Povyshenie praktikoorientirovannosti obrazovatel'nogo protsessa na stroitel'nom fakul'tete PNIPU [Increase of the practical orientation of the educational process on the construction faculty PNIPU]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2015, no. 3, pp. 121-143.

15. Pikuleva E.A., Spirova T.A. Metodologiia nauchnykh issledovanii [The methodology of scientific researches]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politehnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arhitektura, 2014, no. 3, pp. 301-305.

16. Ponomarev A.B., Zaharov A.V. Ispol'zovanie geotermal'noi energii dlia otopleniia i konditsionirovaniia zdanii [The use of geothermal energy for heating and cooling of buildings]. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arhitektura, 2010, vol. 17 (36), pp. 119-122.

The article is sufficiently described process not only convergence, but also the continuing differences between the two methods of calculating the residue of the Foundation in the normative documents civil, industrial and hydrotechnical construction. Both standards use a common reference hypothesis of the theory of elasticity, but different assumptions about the initial data, boundary conditions of the considered problems, the ways of transition from one trial to another, etc. Discusses the prospects for further convergence of standards.

Keywords: precipitation of foundations of buildings and structures,the similarities and differences between calculation methods, proposals for further development of methods

Vladimir V. Lushnikov – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor.

1. Gorbunov-Posadov M.I. Sovremennoe sostoianie nauchnykh osnov fundamentostoeniia  [Current state of scientific bases of foundation]. Moscow: Nauka, 1967.  68 p.

2. Lushnikov V.V. Otsenka deistvitel'nykh kharakteristik deformiruemosti eliuvial'nykh gruntov po rezul'tatam izmerenii deformatsii zdanii [Estimation of the actual characteristics of deformability of the eluvial soil on the measurements of deformations of buildings]. Osnovaniia, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov, 2011, no. 3, pp. 38-44.

3. Agishev I.A. Zavisimost' mezhdu poristost'iu i modulem deformatsii, ustanovlennaia polevymi ispytaniiami glinistykh gruntov [Relationship between porosity and deformation modulus of the mounted field trials clay soil]. Osnovaniia i fundamenty, 1957, no. 20, pp. 3-6.

4. Ignatova O.I. Korrektirovka znachenii modulia deformatsii glinistykh gruntov plastichnoi konsistentsii, opredelennykh v kompressionnykh priborakh [Adjustment of the values of the modulus of deformation of clayey soil has a plastic consistency, is defined in compression devices]. Osnovaniia, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov, 1968, no. 2, pp. 8-10.

5. Mikheev V.V., Pol′shin D.E., Tokar R.A. O proekte novoi redaktsii “Norm i tekhnicheskikh uslovii proektirovaniia estestvennykh osnovanii i promyshlennykh sooruzhenii” [On the new draft of the specifications and design of the natural grounds, and industrial buildings]. Osnovaniia, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov, 1960, no. 5.

6. Tokar′ R.A. O predel'nykh deformatsiiakh osnovanii [On the limit foundation deformation]. Otchetnoe soveshchanie po nauchno-issledovatel′skim rabotam 1954 goda. Moscow, 1956.

7. Egorov K.E. K raschetu deformatsii osnovanii [To the calculation of foundation deformation]. Moscow, 2002.

8. Iurik Iu.V. Tablitsy dlia raschetov osadok fundamentov [Tables for calculations of sediment foundations]. Kiev: Budivel′nik, 1979. 200 p. 

Numerical study of the interaction of pile foundations with a ground base and analysis of load distribution in the piles as foundation of displacement at different stages of the loading static loads are now especially actual. The optimal location of the piles in the composition of pile foundations can significantly reduce the costs for the construction of foundations when you save the required load bearing capacity. The article presents the results of numerical researches displacements of pile groups with an odd number of piles in the foundation. Calculations were made by model Mohr–Coulomb linearly deformable solid body in geotechnical program Plaxis and in accordance with requirements building codes and regulations. As a result of this work were obtained displacements graphics pile foundations, obtained load distribution between the piles in different computational models and in different stages of the foundation load. Displacements researched foundations obtained by the Mohr–Coulomb model is well correlated with the calculation according to the requirements building codes and regulations, with an accuracy of up to 11 %. At all variants of the calculation the load, perceived internal piles is no more than 87 % of the load in the external piles. External piles as part of the foundation with rigid raft, most contact with the surrounding soil perceive heavy loads in relation to internal piles, in contact with the ground in the space between the piles.

Keywords: pile foundation, displacements calculation, model Mohr–Coulomb model, linearly deformable, solid body, loads distribution between the piles

Aleksandr P. Malyshkin – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, e-mail: a.petrovich.m@yandex.ru.

Andrei V. Esipov – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, e-mail: sibstroy.2012@yandex.ru.

1. Malyshkin А.P., Esipov А.V., Baraniak А.I. Sovremennyi podkhod k proektirovaniiu vysotnykh zdanii v usloviiakh plotnoi gorodskoi zastroiki [The modern approach to the design of tall buildings in dense urban areas]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo stroitel′nogo universiteta, 2008, no. 2, pp. 158-162.

2. Bartolomei А.А., Omel'chak I.M., Iushkov B.S. Prognoz osadok svainykh fundamentov [Prognosis displacements of pile foundations]. Moscow: Stroiizdat, 1994. 384 p.

3. Shuliat'ev O.А. Fundamenty vysotnykh zdanii [The foundations of high-rise buildings]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2014, no. 4, рр. 202-244.

4. Iushkov B.S., Sergeev А.S. Raschet osadok fundamentov iz korotkikh svai, ustraivaemykh na sklone v zemlianom polotne avtomobil'nykh dorog [Calculation of sediment of foundations of the short pile, constructed on a slope subgrade of highways]. Ekologiia i nauchno-tekhnicheskii progress. Urbanistika. Perm: Permskii natsional′nyi issledovatel′skii politekhnicheskii universitet, 2015, pp. 510-514.

5. Bezvolev S.G. Inzhenernaia metodika dlia rascheta fundamentov v sluchaiakh primeneniia bol'shikh grupp svai. Mekhanizatsiia stroitel'stva, 2012, no. 3, pp. 36-44.

6. Esipov А.V., Demin V.А., Efimov А.А. Chislennye issledovaniia osadok plitnykh fundamentov na gruntovom i armirovannom svaiami osnovaniiakh [Calculation research displacement plate foundation on ground and reinforced piles basis]. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniia, 2014, no. 6, p. 181.

This article is a survey of the existing schemes of water supply and sanitation Kultaevskoe rural settlement. Considered the terrain, the evaluation of engineering-geological conditions of the area, as a result, there were some unfavorable conditions of the development of the area. Also, the authors have studied the hydrography and hydrology of the area, identified a number of rivers and lakes which are located in the Kultaevskoe rural settlement. The authors of the article were defined the prospects of development and utilization of mineral resources, the obtained information about the presence on the territory Kultayevo village water wells, and also data on quantity of water consumed in the village on the needs of production, social and cultural life and needs of the population. An analysis was conducted of the existing state population and produced estimates for the future development of the village (phase 1 – 2020, the estimated term – 2030), prepared the table of water consumption and wastewater, as well as the calculation of the number of wells to be drilled in phase 1 and construction on the settlement date. In the study of Sewerage system, data was collected on major sources of pollution of the water basin of the village. From this it became clear that for the village it is necessary to design and build a centralized sewer system for industrial enterprises and the civic center. Based on the analysis of the current state of the networks and constructions of water supply and sanitation and analysis of the population of the village Kultayevo, determined in what directions should go to the development of engineering systems. Examination and analysis of the existing schemes of water supply and sanitation s. Kultayevo conducted in accordance with the requirements of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 05.09.2013 № 782 “On schemes of water supply and sanitation”.

Keywords: water supply and sanitation, hydrography and hydrology, well, damming, water intake structure, population, sanitary protection zones, reconstruction

Irina A. Drobinina  – Master Student, e-mail: irina.drobinina@rambler.ru.

Ol′ga I. Ruchkinova – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, e-mail: xgogax@mail.ru.

1. Dolinina S.V., Skorokhodov V.S. General'nyi plan Kultaevskogo sel'skogo poseleniia Permskogo munitsipal'nogo raiona Permskogo kraia. Poiasnitel'naia zapiska [The master plan of the rural Kultaevskoe settlement of the Perm municipal district of the Perm region. Explanatory note]. – Perm: Energostroiproekt, 2011.

2. Metodicheskoe obespechenie razrabotki skhem tsentralizovannykh sistem vodo­snab­zheniia i vodootvedeniia [Methodological support of development schemes of the centralized systems of water supply and sanitation], available at: http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=19037267 (accessed 20 May 2016).

3. Bukina T.V. Problemy i perspektivy razvitiia vodosnabzheniia i vodootvedeniia v gorode Perm [Problems and prospects of development of water supply and sanitation in the city of Perm]. Ars Administrandi, 2013, no. 3, pp. 82-93, available at: https://www.hse.ru/ pubs/share/direct/document (accessed 12 June 2016).

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7. Formiga K.T.M., Chaudhry F.H., Cheung P.B., Reis L.F.R. Optimal design of water distribution system by multiobjective evolutionary methods, available at: http://www.bwd.com.br/ geasd/fotos/geapublicacoes1.pdf (accessed 10 June 2016).

8. Skhemy vodosnabzheniia i vodootvedeniia [Schemes of water supply and sanitation], available at: http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=22279965 (accessed 24 May 2016).

9. Water supply systems and evaluation methods. Vol. I. Water supply system concepts. U.S. Fire Administration, 2008.

10. Inzhenernye seti, inzhenernaia podgotovka i oborudovanie territorii, zdanii i stroiploshchadok [Engineering nets, engineering training areas and equipment, buildings and construction sites], available at: http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=19622394 (accessed 12 June 2016).

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12. Rekonstruktsiia sistem i sooruzhenii vodosnabzheniia i vodootvedeniia [Reconstruction of systems of water supply and sanitation], available at: http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=19622583 (accessed 27 May 2016).

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14. Analiz razrabotki i utverzhdeniia skhem vodosnabzheniia i vodootvedeniia [Analysis of the development and approval of water supply and sanitation schemes], available at: http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25934094 (accessed 10 May 2016).

Object of research is wastewater of the petrochemical industry. One of the major consumers of water resources in the industry are the oil refining and petrochemical facility. There are major changes associated with increasing depth of oil refining and improving product quality in this field now. All these processes are inextricably linked with the need to use enormous amounts of purified water. To achieve these objectives, the majority of enterprises develops and implements the program of reconstruction and modernization, which entails a change in the quality and quantity of wastewater.

There are wastewater treatment plants with traditional technological scheme on the considered enterprise. The authors have identified the causes of insufficient efficiency of these system and concluded that there is a need to improve the technology and wastewater treatment schemes.

An improved scheme wastewater treatment is developed on the basis of the studies and the accepted indicators.

This article describes the main stages of cleaning: mechanical, physical and chemical, biological, post-treatment, desalination and sludge dewatering. There is the effectiveness of key indicators for each step. Selected the most appropriate and effective methods. The updated scheme includes such modern technology as flotation with additional purification in lamella separators, polymer filtration, desalination by reverse osmosis, sludge dewatering in the decanter centrifuge and others. Presents a summary list of the main technological equipment improved scheme. The developed circuit achieves regulatory indicators set to return to the system of water recycling.

Keywords: water supply and sewerage, sewage treatment, water recycling system, reverse osmosis, filtration, advanced technology

Natal′ia M. Koshak – Master Student, e-mail: natashakoshak@yandex.ru.

Sergei V. Novikov – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, e-mail: sergei.novikov1951@yandex.ru.

Ol′ga I. Ruchkinova – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, e-mail: xgogax@mail.ru.

1. Ksenofontov B.S. Ochistka vody i pochvy flotatsiei [Purification of water and soil by flotation]. Moscow: Novye tekhnologii, 2004. 224 p.

2. Pavlov D.V., Varaksin S.O., Stepanova A.A., Kolesnikova V.A. Oborotnoe vodosnabzhenie promyshlennykh predpriiatii [Recycling water supply of industrial enterprises]. Santekhnika, 2010, no. 2, рр. 30-39.

3. Pavlov D.V., Varaksin S.O., Kolesnikov V.A. Modernizatsiia ochistnykh sooruzhenii gal'vanicheskikh proizvodstv [The modernization of treatment facilities of galvanic production]. Santekhnika, 2010, no. 3, рр. 26-35.

4. Pervov A.G., Andrianov A.P., Gorbunova T.P. Besstochnye skhemy vodopodgotovki na osnove membrannykh tekhnologii [Closed scheme of water treatment based on membrane technology]. Internet-vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel′nogo universiteta. Seria Politematicheskaia, 2011, iss. 4 (19), available at: http://vestnik.vgasu.ru/?source= 4&articleno=711 (accessed 25 May 2016).

5. Abdrakhimov Iu.R., Sharafutdinova G.M., Khangil'din R.I., Khangil'dina A.R. Analiz khimiko-tekhnologicheskikh vodnykh sistem neftepererabatyvaiushchikh i neftekhimicheskikh predpriiatii [Analysis of chemical-technological water systems of oil refineries and petrochemical plants]. Neftegazovoe delo, 2011, no. 6, available at: http://ogbus.ru/article/analiz-ximiko-texnologicheskix-vodnyx-sistem-neftepererabatyvayushhix -i-nefteximicheskix-predpriyatij (accessed 25 May 2016).

6. Igunnu E.T., Chen G.Z. Produced water treatment technologies. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 2014, no. 9, pp. 157-177.

7. Al-Maamari R.S., Sueyoshi M., Tasaki M., Okamura K., Al-Lawati Ya., Nabulsi R., Al-Battashi M. Flotation, filtration, and adsorption: pilot trials for oilfield produced-water treatment. Oil and Gas Facilities, 2014, no. 4, pp. 56-66.

8. Hayes T., Arthur D. Overview of emerging produced water treatment technologies. The 11th Annual International Petroleum Environmental Conference. Albuquerque, 2004.

9. RPSEA Project 07122-12. An integrated framework of produced water treatment technologies. Colorado School of Mines, 2009.

This article discusses the comparison of methods of protection of frost heaving soil in the Russian Federation. The vast territory is water-bearing ground. Water danger can cause fluctuations in the soil base due to freezing and thawing water. The frost heaving soil – it is the instability of the soil due to the crystallization water under the influence of low temperatures, and thus loss of stability foundation. Methods were created for struggle with properties of heaving soil. Methods of protection of frost heaving soil – are actions aimed at maintaining the soil in a normal state ground, in which no buckling soil, deformation of foundation  and etc. These methods are used in situations where a service load on all building or all construction structure is much less than the forces of frost heaving of the soil, or when setting of ground or frost heave of ground deformation during thawing soil much more maximum allowable strain values. As a result a construction lose a stability. Currently methods of dealing with frost heaving soils conditionally are divided into the following categories such as engineering and reclamation (termo-reclamation and hydroland); techniques associated with construction elements structures; physico-chemical (water-repellency of soils, polymer additives, salinization and others); combined. Ignoring this process causes the accidents such as to the destruction of buildings and structures.

Keywords: heaving soils, methods of struggle, reinforcedб geosynthetic materials, amelioration of soils, stabilization of foundations

Irina A. Chernysheva – Masters Student, e-mail: chernysheva3009@yandex.ru.

Aleksandra V. Mashchenko – Postgraduate Student, e-mail: Lybra013@yandex.ru.

1. Bogomolov A.N., Ponomarev A.B., Mashchenko A.V., Kuznetsova A.S. Analiz vliianiia razlichnykh tipov armirovaniia na deformatsionnye kharakteristiki glinistogo grunta [Analysis of the influence of different types of reinforcement on the deformation characteristics of clay soils]. Internet-vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhhitekturno-stroitel′nogo universiteta. Seria Politematicheskaia, 2014, iss. 4 (35), pp. 1-9.

2. Rempel A.W. Formation of ice lenses and frost heave. Earth Surface, 2007, vol. 498, pp. 70-76.

3. Khrustalev L.N. Rekomendatsii po primeneniiu sposoba stabilizatsii vechnomerzlykh gruntov v osnovanii zdanii [Recommendations for use of the method of stabilization of permafrost soils at the base of the buildings]. Moscow, 1985. 44 p.

4. Brig itte Van Vliet-Lanoë. The significance of cryotubation phenomena in environmental reconstruction. Journal of Quaternary Science, 1988, no. 13 (4), pp. 85-96.

5. Malyshev M.A., Fursov V.V., Baliura M.V. [et al.]. Osnovaniia i fundamenty zdanii v usloviiakh glubokogo sezonnogo promerzaniia gruntov [Bases and foundations of buildings under conditions of deep seasonal freezing of soils]. Tomsk: Tomskii gosudarstvennyi universitet, 1992. 280 p.

6. Malysev M.A. Investigation of the deformation of clayey soils resulting from frost heaving and thawing in foundations due to loading. IV International Conference on Permafrost. Washington: National Academy Press, 1984, pp. 259-263.

7. Orlov V.O. Foundation settlements on season freezing soils. V International Conference on Permafrost. Trondheim, 1988, pp. 1441-1445.

8. Rekomendatsii po umen'sheniiu kasatel'nykh sil moroznogo vypuchivaniia fundamentov s primeneniem plastichnykh smazok [Recommendations to reduce the tangential forces of the frosty swelling of the bases with application of greases]. Moscow, 1987.  20 p.

9. L'vovich Iu.M. Geosinteticheskie i geoplastikovye materialy v dorozhnom stroitel'stve. Obzornaia informatsiia [Geoplastics and geosynthetic materials in road construction. Overview]. Moscow, 2002. Iss. 7. 77 p.

10. Mashchenko A.V., Ponomarev A.B. Vliianie armirovaniia geosetki na mekhanicheskie kharakteristiki vodonasyshchennykh gruntov [The influence of reinforcement of geogrid on the mechenical characteristics of water-saturation soils]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional′nogo issledovatel′skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arhitektura, 2015, no. 3, pp. 81-92. DOI:  10.15593/2224-9826/2015.3.10

11. Ponomarev A.B., Ofrikhter V.G. Analiz i problemy issledovanii geosinteticheskikh materialov v Rossii [Analysis of problems and research of geosynthetic in Russia]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional′nogo issledovatel′skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arhitektura, 2013, no. 2, pp. 68-73.

12. Mashchenko A.V., Chernysheva I.A. K voprosu ispol′zovaniia razlichnykh metodov zashchity ot moroznogo pucheniia [Comparison of methods of protection of frost heaving soil]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional′nogo issledovatel′skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arhitektura, 2016, no. 1, pp. 34-46. DOI: 10.15593/2224-9826/2016.1.05

13. Mashchenko A.V., Ponomarev A.B., Moiseeva Iu.Iu. Analiz izmeneniia deformatsionnykh svoistv glinistogo grunta, armirovannogo geosinteticheskimi materialami, pri raznom pokazatele tekuchesti [Analysis of changes in the deformation properties of clayey soil reinforced with geosynthetic materials at different flow rate]. Ekologiia, 2014, no. 3, p. 106.

14. Mashchenko A.V., Ponomarev A.B. Analiz vlianiia armirovaniia fibrovoloknom na svoistva glinistykh gruntov v usloviiakh sezonnogo promerzaniia i ottaivaniia [Analysis of the effect of fiberglass reinforcement on the properties of clayey soils under conditions of seasonal freezing and thawing]. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhhitekturno-stroitel′nogo universiteta. Stroitel′stvo i arkhitektura, 2016, no. 44-1 (63), pp. 40-50.

15. Mashсhenko A.V. Vliianie armirovaniia geosinteticheskimi materialami na puchinistye svoistva gruntov [The effect of geosynthetic reinforcement materials in heaving properties of soils]. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov, 2015, no. 6 (53), pp. 100-103.

There are high demands of reliable operation for the gas supply system in the  house. Pipelines are one of the main elements of this system. The article deals with three types of inner tubes for gas pipelines, steel, copper and metal-polymer. Pipes from different materials have different characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. The using of pipes for the installation of domestic gas pipeline should meet the requirements of safe operation. Steel pipes have been applied in heating, water supply, gas supply, in many other fields of industry and construction. Metal pipe, in contrast to steel, is less common. The use of metal pipe is limited, depending on the facility, operating conditions and properties of the medium transported. Mainly they are used in water supply systems, heating and sanitation. As metal pipe used in the laying of gas pipelines, oil pipelines, process pipelines. Copper pipes are used in construction for centuries. Copper is one of the best conductors of heat, easy to handle and the plastic material. Copper pipes are widely used in various engineering systems: heating, hot and cold water service, gas supply, air-conditioning, they are used for transport of liquid fuel for heating boilers in solar collectors and batteries. The study evaluated the work associated with the installation of pipes of different materials. There was regarded an example of the using of copper pipes for gas supply in-house in the Perm region. There was also analyzed the possibility of using copper pipes for outer gas pipelines. The using of in-house pipeline of copper pipes reduces installation time and provides high-quality gas supply system.

Keywords: pipeline, house gas supply, steel pipes, metal pipes, copper pipes, fittings, brazing, crimping pressing

Elizaveta P. Vikhareva – Student, e-mail: lizagirl@rambler.ru.

Tat′iana N. Beloglazova – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, e-mail: tabeloglazova@yandex.ru.

1. Ionin А.А., Zhila V.А., Artikhovich V.V., Pshonnik М.G. Gazosnabzhenie [Gas supply]. Мoscow, 2013. 472 p.

2. Staskevich N.L., Severinets G.N, Vigrodchik D.Ia. Spravochnik po gazosnabzheniu i ispol′zovaniiu gaza [Manual gas supply and use of gas]. Leningrad: Nedra, 1990. 761 p.

3. Brukhanov О.N. Gazosnabzhenie [Gas supply]. Moscow: Akademiia, 2008. 440 p.

4. Zhila V.А., Ushakov M.A., Brukhanov O.N. Gazovye seti i ustanovki [Gas network installation]. Мoscow: Akademiia, 2005. 272 p.

5. Kiazimov К.G., Gusev V.Е. Osnovi gazovogo khoziaistva [Fundamentals of gas facilities]. Мoscow, 2000. 462 p.

6. Sugrobov L.A. Truby: plastik ili med′? [Pipes: plastic or copper?]. Santekhnika, 2005, no. 3.

7. Isaev V.N., Mikhitarian M.G. Osobennosti primeneniia plastmassovykh truboprovodov [Features of application of plastic piping]. Santekhnika, 2006, no. 1.

8. Orel′iana I. Montazh truboprovodov [Installation of pipelines]. CADmaster, 2004, no. 4.

9. Obzor kharakteristik mednykh trub [Overview of the characteristics of copper pipes], available at: http://trubway.ru/materialy/med/obzor-xarakteristik-mednoj-otozhzhennoj-truby.html (accessed 2 March 2016).

10. Zubailov G.I., Biriukov А.V., Kuziaeva А.I. Novye materialy dlia vnutridomovykh gazoprovodov [New materials for pipelines intrahouse], available at:  http://www.niigaz.ru/sites/default/files/ novye_materialy_dly _vnutridom _vodoprovodov.pdf (accessed 2 March 2016).

11. Sposoby soedineniia mednykh trub [Methods of connection of copper pipes], available at: http://vsetrybu.ru/mednaya-truba-texnicheskie-xarakteristiki.html (accessed 2 March 2016).

12. Kerry B. Mednye truby: sovety montazhniku [Copper pipes: tips to the installer]. Santekhnika, 2004, no. 1.

13. L′iuis R.O. Istoriia ispol′zovaniia i ekspluatatsii mednykh trub dlia pit′evogo vodosnabzheniia. Voprosy o vode, 2016, no. 3.

14. Vinsenta M., Khartemann F., Engel′s-Dutsche M. Protivomikrobnoe primenenie medi. Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal gigieny i okhrany okruzhaiushchei sredy, 2016, no. 219/6.

15. Ionov I.S. Voprosy i otvety. Mednye truby – universal′nyi produkt dlia stroitel′stva [The questions and answers. Copper pipe – a versatile product for the construction]. Santekhnika, 2004, no. 1.

Given the problems of overpopulation, famine and shortage areas becomes relevant topic of the creation of artificial territories. Currently, artificial islands geography expanded considerably. Apart from the traditional to the technology of Japan, the Gulf States, the Netherlands and Russia, artificial islands built or plan to build, Israel, Singapore, China, Canada and many others. The range of materials used has also increased – they began to use ice, gabions, concrete blocks, piles, geosynthetic membranes, shestiroidy and municipal solid waste. This article describes the most significant and promising methods for the construction of artificial islands, such as the construction of the territories geotubes, gabions, ice and solid waste. The technology of production of works to create an artificial island of Geotube® containers, is to prepare the base, filling envelopes, placing them in the construction site, covering them with the necessary materials and filling impervious island body bounded by a causeway, with soil. Presents the technical operations on the construction of the island of gabions: cleaning of the construction site, filling gabions on the shore and further transportation to the location, floor laying and ligament accumulation of ground innards of each level, the implementation of measures to increase the structural strength and make it waterproof. The technological cycles of the construction of artificial islands of garbage and ice depending on the construction method. Is a schematic diagram of gabion, shell and ice islands, classification methods of erection of anthropogenic territories. Describes the application of technology and specific examples of their use in the world. Peculiarities of construction and operation, the approximate cost of the material and the necessary equipment. The estimated service life of artificial islands and their periods of operation, depending on the construction method used. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology, and given the overall conclusion on the selection of the desired method of construction of an artificial island.

Keywords: artificial island, gabion, geotube, waste, filtration, flooding, freezing, dam

Dmitrii A. Semenov – Student, e-mail: s7dmit@yandex.ru.

Svetlana V. Kaloshina – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, e-mail: kaloshina82@mail.ru.

1. Voskon'ian V.G. Stroitel'stvo iskusstvennogo ostrova [Construction of an artificial island]. Sovremennye naukoemkie tekhnologii, 2006, no. 8, pp. 84-86.

2. Zhu C.R., Shu Y.M., Jiang J.H. Study on the experiment of stability of unarmored flat Geotube dike under wave action. Proceedings of the 4th Asian Regional Conference on Geosynthetics, 2008, pp. 625-629.

3. Pilarczyk K.W. Design of low-crested (submerged) structures: an overview. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Coastal and Port Engineering in Developing Countries, 2003, pp. 1-19.

4. Piiavskii S.A., Rodionov M.V., Kholopov I.S. Primenenie geosinteticheskikh obolochek v gidrotekhnicheskom stroitel'stve [The use of geosynthetic membranes in hydraulic engineering]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo stroitel′nogo universiteta, 2012, no. 6. pp. 54-61.

5. Moayedi H., Huat B.B.K., Ali T.A.M., Bakhshipor Z., Ebadi M. Comparison of Geotube and stone cemented wall stability as coastal protection system [Case Study and 2d Limit Equilibrium and FEM Modeling Analysis]. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2011, no. 5 (7), pp. 1-6.

6. Mastin B.J., Lebster G.E. Use of Geotube dewatering containers in environmental dredging. Proceedings Eighteenth World Dredging Congress, 2007, pp. 1467-1486.

7. Yiming S., Gang L., Yan X. Structural stability and filling materials on Geotube dams. Earth and Space, 2010, pp. 720-728.

8. Sobolewski J., Wilke M. Georury wypełnione piaskiem w budownictwie wodnym i morskim Wymiarowanie i praktyczne przykłady zastosowań. Inżynieria morska i geotechnika, 2011, no. 1, pp. 34-43.

9. Gibeaut J.C., Hepner T.L., Waldinger R., Andrews J.R., Smyth R.C., Gutierrez R. Geotube for temporary erosion control and storm surge protection along the gulf of Mexico shoreline of Texas. Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Coastal Zone Conference, 2003, pp. 1-6.

10. Toledo M.A., Moran R. Dam protections against overtopping and accidental leakage. Moscow: CRC-Press, 2015. 328 p.

11. Kolosov M.A. Veernyi sposob zashchity territorii ot zatopleniia v rechnykh basseinakh [Fan way to protect areas from flooding in river basins]. Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S.O. Makarova, 2009, no. 2 (2), pp. 7-11.

12. Semenov D.A., Kaloshina S.V. Stroitel'stvo iskusstvennykh ostrovov putem sozdaniia plotin [Construction of artificial islands by creating dams]. Nauchnyi al'manakh, 2015, no. 12 (14), pp. 268-270.

13. Ivanov I.A., Erbakhaev V.O., Ivanova O.A. Rabota gabionnykh konstruktsii v usloviiakh Severa [Work gabion structures in the North]. Vestnik Buriatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2014, no. 3, pp. 111-116.

14. Karelov A.V., Shkhinek K.N. Ispol'zovanie l'da dlia sozdaniia ostrovov v arkticheskikh usloviiakh [Using ice to create islands in the Arctic]. Molodezhnaia nauchno-prakticheskaia konferentsiia v ramkakh XIII nedeli nauki. Saint Peterburg, 2014, pp. 9-11.

15. Khalikova D.F. Metodika vybora arkhitekturno-konstruktivnogo tipa i obshche­proektnykh kharakteristik plavuchei burovoi ustanovki dlia bureniia poiskovo-razvedochnykh skvazhin v usloviiakh melkovod'ia [Methods of selecting architectural and structural characteristics of the type and obscheproektnyh floating drilling rig to drill exploratory wells in the shallow waters]. Saint Peterburg, 2014. 22 p.

16. Semenov Iu.I., Filin S.Iu. Innovatsionnye tekhnologii ispol'zovaniia l'dokompozitnykh materialov v stroitel'stve i ekspluatatsii plavuchikh ob"ektov [Innovative use of technology ldokompozitnyh materials in the construction and operation of floating objects]. Oborudovanie i tekhnologii, 2011, no. 7, pp. 22-29.

17. Gevorkian S.G. Kriolitozona kak predmet i territoriia pogranichnykh konfliktov [Permafrost as a subject area, and border conflicts]. Al'manakh. Prostranstvo i vremia, 2013, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 10-40.

18. Coastal system and continental margins. Engineered coasts / ed. by J. Chen, D. Eisma, K. Hotta, H. Jesse Walker. Moscow: Kluwer Academic Publisher, 2002. 311 p.

19. Abel R.B., Connell S., Della Croce N. Coastal ocean space utilization III. Moscow: E&FN SPON, 2002.  639 p.

20. Bakhie S.S., Kireev V.S., Makarova V.A. Problemy zagriazneniia Astrakhanskoi oblasti [Pollution Problems of the Astrakhan region]. Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Evoliutsiia sovremennoi nauki”. Kazan', 2015, pp. 9-11.

21. Bozzato F. Dryland: artificial islands as new oceanscapes. Journal of Futures Studies, 2013, no. 4 (17), pp. 1-16.

Numerical study of pile foundations in the calculation of the deformations of today are particularly relevant. Studies of the stress-strain state of the base pile foundation enables optimization of foundations, reduce their material consumption and construction costs. Calculations of pile foundations on the first and second groups of limit states recommended building codes and regulations are executed on different calculation models and do not have a single universal structure. Execution numerical experiments foundations of different constructions allowing you to quickly evaluate the effectiveness of the foundations for non-linear models of subgrade closest to the real work of clayey soils. The existing algorithm designing columnar pole foundations under point load of columns reduced to the following: the definition of the required number of piles (the requirements of the first group of limiting states) and the calculation of displacement as a conditional foundation (the requirements of the second group of limit states). When calculating displacement in no way participates in the total number of foundation piles, and play a role only its size. The question arises: What effect does the reduction in the number of piles in the composition of the columnar pile foundation on the stress-strain state of the subgrade and foundation displacement conditional, without changing its size. The comparative numerical researches of pile groups five and four piles and with eight and nine piles have shown that removal of the central of the pile leads to a slight an increase in displacement the foundation and an increase in reinforcement raft foundation. Carrying out of field experiments and the creation of a unified calculation model of pile foundations is the task of further research.

Keywords: pile foundation, displacements calculation model Mohr–Coulomb model linearly deformable solid body, calculation of the deformations

Aleksandr P. Malyshkin – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, e-mail: a.petrovich.m@yandex.ru.

Andrei V. Esipov – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, e-mail: sibstroy.2012@yandex.ru.

1. Likhtarnikov Ia.M. Variantnoe proektirovanie i optimizatsiia stal'nykh konstruktsii [Variant design and optimization of steel structures]. Moscow: Stroiizdat, 1979. 319 p.

2. Esipov А.V. Vzaimodeistvie mikrosvaii s gruntovym osnovaniem pri usilenii fundamentov [The interaction of micropiles, ground base while strengthening the foundations]. Timen', 2002.

3. Bartolomei А.А., Omel'chak I.M., Iushkov B.S. Prognoz osadok svainykh fundamentov [Forecast settlement pile foundations]. Moscow: Stroiizdat, 1994.  384 p.

4. Esipov А.V., Demin V.А., Efimov А.А. Chislennye issledovaniia osadok plitnykh fundamentov na gruntovom i armirovannom svaiami osnovaniiakh [Numerical study of raft foundation on clay reinforced with piles and grounds]. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniia, 2014, no. 6, p. 181.

The main construction tasks are still improving the performance quality and effectiveness of material investments. This is especially true for construction in difficult geotechnical situation that requires the solution of complex tasks in the field of geotechnics. Weak clay soil base causes a number of difficulties when carrying out construction works. At the same time it is not economically feasible to penetrate soft soils by pile foundation. Therefore, an important issue will be the development of modern methods of strengthening soft clay soil bases.

One of the effective methods to improve mechanical properties of clayey soil is an electrochemical process. Electrochemical consolidation is a way to improve the properties of water-saturated soils based on the appearance of electrolysis and electro-osmosis under the action of a constant electric current.

This paper focuses on the electrochemical consolidation of clayey water-saturated soils of the Perm region on the basis of 20 % magnesium sulfate in the construction of buildings and structures.

The article is the experiment planning. For further laboratory testing water-saturated clay soils were selected with defined liquid limits: I_L = 0,4; 0,6. As the soils of such consistency are most often found in the Perm region.

In the article the technique of soil preparation with desired characteristics is considered. Characteristics of saturated soil in a natural state and soil improved by electrochemical consolidation will be received by results of direct shear tests and compression tests. The parameters and the scheme of the model experiment are given. Criteria for evaluating the method effectiveness to change the mechanical characteristics of the soil are introduced: change in angle of internal friction Δφ, change in specific adhesion Δс, change in and deformation modulus ΔЕ.

Keywords: model experiment, experimental design, clay soil, electrochemical binding, magnesium sulfate

Liubov′ A. Igosheva – Master Student, e-mail: 13lubashka@mail.ru.

Alla S. Grishina – Postgraduate Student, Senior Lecturer, e-mail: koallita@yandex.ru.

1. Mangushev R.A., Usmanov R.A., Lan'ko S.V., Konushkov V.V., Mangushev R.A. Metody podgotovki i ustroistva iskusstvennykh osnovanii [Methods of preparation and construction of artificial bases]. Moscow, Saint Petersburg: ASV, 2012. 266 p.

2. Zhinkin G.N., Kalganov V.F. Elektrokhimicheskaia obrabotka glinistykh gruntov v osnovaniiakh sooruzhenii [Electrochemical treatment of clayey soils in the foundations of buildings]. Moscow: Stroiizdat, 1980. 164 p.

3. Burgynytdinov A.M., Burmistrov V.A., Iushkov B.S., Burmistrova O.N. Povyshenie nadezhnosti nefte- i gazopromyslovykh dorog elektrokhimicheskim zakrepleniem [Improving the reliability of oil and gas field roads electrochemical fixing]. Nauchno-tekhnicheskii vestnik Povolzh'ia, 2013, no. 6, pp. 78-81.

4. Ponomarev A.B., Grishina A.S., Mashchenko V.A. Rezultaty issledovanii prochnostnykh kharakteristik glinistykh gruntov, armirovannykh razlichnymi geosinteticheskimi materialami [The results of research of strength characteristics of clayey soils reinforced with different geosynthetic materials]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional′nogo issledovatel′skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Prikladnaia ekologiia. Urbanistika, 2015. no. 4 (20), pp. 9-21.

5. Alekseev S.I., Ponedel'nikov D.N., Kopylov I.V.,  Kurbanov G.R. Elektroosmos kak sposob uluchsheniia fizicheskikh i mekhanicheskikh svoistv sviaznykh gruntov [Electroosmosis as a way to improve the physical and mechanical properties of cohesive soils]. Tekhnika i tekhnologii, 2012, no. 4, pp. 86-93.

6. Igosheva L.А., Grishina A.S. Obzor osnovnykh metodov ukrepleniia gruntov osnovaniia [Overview of basic methods to strengthen the foundation soils]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional′nogo issledovatel′skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel′stvo i arkhitektura, 2014, no. 2, pp. 5-21.

7. Kaloshina S.V., Ponomarev A.B., Ob inzhenerno-geologicheskikh usloviiakh stroitel'stva goroda Permi [On the engineering-geological conditions of construction Perm]. Trudy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-tekhnicheskoi konferentsii, posviashchennoi 50-letiiu BashNIIstroia “Problemy mekhaniki gruntov i fundamentostroeniia v slozhnykh gruntovykh usloviiakh”. Ufa, 2006, vol. 2, p. 119-124.

8. Kleveko V.I. Issledovanie raboty armirovannykh glinistykh osnovanii [Research work reinforced clay grounds]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional′nogo issledovatel′skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2014, no. 4, pp. 101-110.

9. Kuznetsova A.S., Ponomarev A.B. Planirovanie i podgotovka eksperimenta trekhosnogo szhatiia glinistogo grunta, uluchshennogo fibrovym armirovaniem [Planning and preparation for an experiment triaxial clay soil, improved fiber reinforcement]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional′nogo issledovatel′skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2013, no. 1, pp. 151-161.

10. Ponomarev A.B., Kuznetsova A.S., Bogomolova O.A. Rezul'taty issledovanii fibroarmirovannogo peska [The results of studies fiber reinforced sand]. Sbornik statei, posviashchennyi 60-letiiu professora A.N. Bogomolova “Aktual'nye problemy geotekhniki”. Volgograd, 2014, pp. 140-147.

11. Polishchuk A.I., Mazakov A.S. Otsenka raboty razdelitel′nykh ograzhdenii v slabykh glinistykh gruntakh, ustraivaemykh dlia zashchity sushchestvuiushchikh zdanii ot vliianiia novogo stroitel′stva [Assessment of the work of the separation fence in a weak clay soils, arranged to protect the existing buildings from the impact of the new construction]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2016, no. 4, pp. 124-131.

12. Sychkina E.N., Ponomarev A.B. K voprosu prognoza osadki svainykh fundamentov, opiraiushchikhsia na argillitopodobnye gliny na primere goroda Permi [To the question of the forecast precipitation of pile foundations based on argillit-like clay (for example, Perm)]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2014, no. 2, pp. 92-103.

13. Knat'ko V.M., Rudneva I.E. Matematicheskie metody i planirovanie eksperimenta v gruntovedenii i inzhenernoi geologii [Mathematical methods and experimental design in engineering geology and soil science]. Leningrad: Leningradskii gosudarstvennyi universitet, 1983.

14. Mashchenko A.V. Vliianie armirovaniia geosinteticheskimi materialami na puchinistye svoistva gruntov [The effect of geosynthetic reinforcement materials in heaving properties of soils]. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov, 2015, no. 6 (53), pp. 263-272.

15. Bartolomey A.A., Ponomaryov A.B., Kleveko V.I. Use of geosynthetic materials for increase bearing capacity of clayishbeddings. Proceedings of the First Geosynthetic Congress “EuroGeo 1”, Maastricht, Netherlands, 30 September – 2 October. Maastricht, 1996, pp. 459-461.

16. Igosheva L.A., Petreneva O.A., Kleveko V.I. Primenenie geosinteticheskikh materialov pri proektirovanii avtomobil'nykh stoianok v slozhnykh inzhenerno-geologicheskikh usloviiakh [The use of geosynthetics in the design of car parks in difficult engineering-geological conditions]. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura. Opyt i sovremennye tekhnologii, 2015, no. 4, p. 10.

This article includes the way to prevent deformation of linear constructions which build on sliding slopes. This construction builds on thawing  permafrost soils. There are results of scientific research and engineering calculations of options for rational design of roads which located in cold regions of Russia. This highway constructs in complicated climatic and engineering-geological conditions. There is insular permafrost and deep seasonal freezing.  Such soils need in special design because they have changing their temperature and humidity conditions. This construction includes pile installation in slope and association of piles in grillage with means of vertical geogrid. Vertical geogrid connects with pile headroom and layers of horizontal geogrid.  Space from bottom of pile headroom to the first layer of geogrid and intervals between layers of geogrid fills with crushed stone. Installation of horizontal geogrids performs with their partial location in immobile compactor array slope. Modelling of structural behavior with geotechnical software complex “FEM Models” estimated the gravitational effect of the array of the slope. Reliability of such construction was confirmed by periodic measurements and observations. Structural measures worked out for assurance of reliability such rational engineering solutions for roads of the northern territories of the Far East Russia.

Keywords: deformations, sliding slopes, permafrost soils, seasonal freezing, grillage, pile, geogrid, modeling,  strengthening, load bearing capacity, stress-strained state

Sergei A. Kudriavtsev – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, e-mail: prn@festu.khv.ru.

Tat′iana Iu. Val′tseva – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, e-mail: vtu25@mail.ru.

Elena D. Goncharova – Senior Fellow, e-mail: lgonch@yahoo.com.

1. Val′tseva T.Iu., Babello V.A., Smolich S.V., Kaligin S.M. Osobennosti razvitiia sklonovykh deformatsii v doline ruch′ia Peschanka (severo-zapadnyi sklon khrebta Cherskogo) [Features of evolution of deformations in bottom land of the brook Peschanka (north western slope of the ridge Chersky)]. Inzhenernaia geologiia, 2015, no. 1, pp. 37-41.

2. Kudryavtcev S.A., Berestyanyy Y.B., Goncharova E.D., Valtseva T.Y.,  Mikhailin R.G. Motorway structures reinforced with geosynthetic materials in polar regions of Russia. Proceedings of the 24rd International Off-shore (Ocean) and Polar Engineering Conference, Bussan, Korea, 26-30 June, 2014. Bussan, 2014, pp. 502-506.

3. Berestianyi Iu.B., Kudriavtsev S.A., Val′tseva T.Iu., Mikhailin R.G. Ispol′zovanie geosinteticheskikh materialov v konstruktsiiakh pri stroitel′stve avtodorog v snezhnykh regionakh Rossii [The use of geosynthetics materials in structures during the construction of roads in snowy regions of Russia]. Materialy II Mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo simpoziuma “Fizika, khimiia i mekhanika snega”, Iuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 23–28 sentiabria 2013. Iuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 2013, pp. 96-100.

4. Berestianyi Iu.B., Fedorenko E.V., Kudriavtsev S.A., Val′tseva T.Iu. Ispol′zovanie geomaterialov pri rekonstruktsii trassy Iakutsk – Magadan [The use of geosynthetics materials in the reconstruction of the road Yakutsk – Magadan]. Dorogi. Innovatsii v stroitel′stve, 2013, no. 29, pp. 96-100.

5. Berestianyi U.B., Kudryavtcev S.A., Mikhailin R.G., Valtseva T.Y. Geotechnical solutions for slope stabilization along the Amur highway characterized by permafrost degradation of road embankments. Proceedings of Tenth International Conference on Permafrost. Salekhard, 2012, vol. 2, pp. 215-219.

6. Berestianyi U.B., Fedorenko E.V., Kudryavtcev S.A., Mikhailin R.G., Goncharova E.D., Valtseva T.Y. Use of geosyntetic materials on weak basses in highways of the Far East. Proceedings of Russia International Symposium on Geosynthetics Technology, Seoul, South Korea, Seoul, 23-24 November 2011. Seoul, 2011, pp. 117-125.

7. Berestianyi Iu.B., Kudryavtsev S.A., Val′tseva T.Iu., Mikhailin R.G., Fedorenko E.V. Rezul′taty issledovanii konstruktsii usileniia zemlianogo polotna pri ispol′zovanii sovremennykh metodov chislennogo modelirovaniia effektivnykh geosinteticheskikh materialov [The results of research of designs enhance the roadbed using modern numerical simulation methods of effective geosynthetics materials]. Trudy II regionalnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Problemy zemlianogo polotna zheleznykh i avtomobil′nykh dorog v usloviyakh Sibiri”. Novosibirsk, 2011, pp. 37-47.

8. Berestyanyy U.B., Fedorenko E.V., Kudryavtcev S.A., Valtseva T.Y., Mikhailin R.G. Development of geotechnical approaches and design solutions on making slope processes stable on “Amur” road section in condition of frost degradation in foundation. Proceedings of IV International symposium “Geotechnical engineering for disaster preventional & reduction”, Khabarovsk, 26-29 July 2011. Khabarovsk, 2011, pp.143-150.

9. Kudriavtcev S., Berestianyi I., Goncharova E. Еngineering and construction of geotechnical structures with geotechnical materials in coastal arctic zone of Russia. Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, 2013, pp. 562-566

10. Kudryavtsev S.A., Valtseva T.Y., Goncharova E.D., Mikhailin R.G., Berestyanyy Y.B. Geosynthetical materials in designs of highways in cold regions of Far East. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering “Cold Regions Engineering 2009: Cold Regions Impacts on Research, Design, and Construction”, 2009, pp. 546-550.

11. Kudryavtsev S.A., Arshinskaya L.A., Valtseva T.U., Berestyanyy U.B., Zhusupbekov A. Developing design variants while strengthening roadbed with geomaterials and scrap tires on weak soils. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Scrap Tire Derived Geomaterials – Opportunities and Challenges, IW-TDGM 2007 International Workshop on Scrap Tire Derived Geomaterials – Opportunities and Challenges, IW-TDGM 2007. Yokosuka, 2008, pp. 171-178.

12. Kudriavtsev S.A., Berestianyi Iu.B., Val'tseva T.Iu. Usilenie puti dlia propuska tiazhelovesnykh poezdov [Strengthening of the way for the passage of heavy trains]. Put' i putevoe khoziaistvo, 2008, no. 1, pp. 27-29.

The objects of the study are bored piles and their joint work with clay soil. In this paper, an analysis of the field static tests of bored continuous flight auger technology (CFA) piles under repeated loading was made. Bored piles were made with diameter 630 mm, length 23,5 m. The pile’s tip rested in the soft dense sandy loam. Oblique bedding pebbly loam with sandy filler, what was widespread along the side surface of the tested piles layer with capacity from 4 to 15,2 m, was important feature of the experimental area. The tests were carried out according to the procedure of piles state standard with a stepwise increase in the pinch force loading and subsequent three cycles unloading. The resulting plots were obtained by precipitation of the applied force. The final test result for total settlement of twin sludge piles was varied within wide limits of from 2 to 15 mm. Furthermore, increment of pile’s settlement under repeated loading had significantly lower value than the first loading. Reduced modulus was determined by obtained diagram of settlement depending on the load at each loading stage for bored pile’s foundation. Dependence, what was associated with a significant increase reduced deformation module with greater inclusion the pile’s tip in the work due to displacement, was observed. This effect is presumably due to the formation of the densified core in the level of the pile’s tip.

Keywords: bored piles, static loading, repeated loading, clay soils, deformation module

Pavel A. Liashenko – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor, e-mail: lyseich1@yandex.ru.

Denis V. Gokhaev – Head of Laboratory, e-mail: gokhaev@mail.ru.

Oleg A. Shmidt – Senior Lecturer, e-mail: shmidtoleg55@list.ru.

1. Konovalov P.A. [et al.]. Fundamenty stal'nykh rezervuarov i deformatsii ikh osnovanii [Foundations steel tanks and deformation of their bases]. Moscow: ASV, 2009. 336 p.

2. Polishchuk A.I. Osnovy proektirovaniia i ustroistva fundamentov rekonstruirovannykh zdanii [Basics of designing devices and reconstructed buildings foundations]. Nortkhempton; Tomsk: STT, 2007. 476 p.

3. Rossikhin Iu.V., Bitainis A.G. Osadki stroiashchikhsia sooruzhenii [Settlements of built structures]. Riga: Riga Zinatne, 1980. 339 p.

4. Sedin V.L., Vinnikov Iu.L., Bikus K.M. O vliianii povtornykh nagruzhenii nabivnykh svai v probitykh skvazhinakh na deformativnost' ikh osnovanii [Repeated loading effect on foundation distortionunder filling piles cast in boreholes]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional′nogo issledovatel′skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel′stvo i arkhitektura, 2014, no. 3, pp. 112-120.

5. Krutov V.I., Tanatarov N.T. Uprochnenie osnovanii fundamentov v vytrambovannykh kotlovanakh putem ikh predvaritel'noi prigruzki [Strengthening the foundations of bases in pits by their preloading]. Osnovaniia, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov, 1990, no. 6, pp. 11-13.

6. Brandl H. Cyclic preloading of piles to minimize (differential) settlements of high-rise buildings. Slovak, 2006, pp. 1-12.

7. Mnogokvartirnye zhilye doma dlia razmeshcheniia vremennogo personala, volonterov i sil bezopasnosti, privlekaemykh na period provedeniia XXII Zimnikh Olimpiiskikh igr i XI Paralimpiiskikh zimnikh igr 2014 goda v gorode Cochi (proektnye i izyskatel'skie raboty, stroitel'stvo) ploshchadka № 2. Zhiloi kvartal v sele Veseloe Adlerskogo raiona goroda Sochi po ulitse Tavricheskaia – Akatsii [Apartment buildings to accommodate the temporary staff, volunteers and security forces involved in the period of the XXII Winter Olympic Games and XI Paralympic Games of 2014 in Sochi]. – Sochi, 2012. 29 p.

8. Liashenko P.A., Gokhaev D.V., Shmidt O.A. Issledovanie razvitiia osadki buronabivnoi svai v glinistykh gruntakh pri povtornom prilozhenii staticheskoi nagruzki [Research the filling pile’s settlement in clay soils during repeated static loading]. Nauchnyi zhurnal Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2016, no. 120 (06), available at: http://ej.kubagro.ru/2016/06/pdf/104.pdf (accessed 10 August 2016).

9. Gol'dfel'd I.Z., Smirnova E.A. Grafoanaliticheskaia obrabotka rezul'tatov staticheskikh ispytanii gruntov zabivnymi svaiami i zondirovaniem [The analysis of treatment static test results of soil precast piles and probing]. Osnovaniia, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov, 2011, no. 5, pp. 35-40.

10. Koriakin V.S. O roli piaty v obshchem soprotivlenii buronabivnykh svai [About the role of the tip in the total resistance of bored piles]. Materialy III Vsesoiuznogo soveshchaniia “Osnovaniia, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov”. Kiev: Budivel'nik, 1971, pp. 312-315.

11. NeSmith W., Siegel T. Shortcomings of the davisson offset limit applied to axial compressive load tests on cast-in-place piles. Hawthorne: contemporary topics in deep foundations, 2009, pp. 568-574. DOI: 10.1061/41021(335)71

12. Davisson M.T. High capacity piles. Proceedings, Lecture Series, Innovationsin Foundation Construction, ASCE, Illinous Section, 1972. 52 p.

13. Glazachev A.O. Issledovanie vzaimodeistviia vertikal'no nagruzhennykh buro­nabiv­nykh svai s osnovaniem i ikh raschet s ispol'zovaniem staticheskogo zondirovaniia [Investigation of the interaction of vertically loaded bored piles with a base and their calculation with the use of static probing]. Perm′: Permskii natsional′nyi issledovatel′skii politekhnicheskii universitet, 2014. 187 p.

14. Liashenko P.A., Gokhaev D.V., Shmidt O.A. Issledovanie na modeli razvitiia osadki buronabivnoi svai [The filling pile’s settlement process investigation]. Nauchnyi zhurnal Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2013, no. 90 (06), available at: http://ej.kubagro.ru/2013/06/pdf/09.pdf (accessed 11 August 2016).

In dense urban there are additional foundation settlement operated buildings at a nearby construction sites. The calculations revealed that the greatest effect on reduction of more strip foundation settlement of existing buildings is achieved by the construction separating barrier between the buildings (the geotechnical barrier), which is the lower end rests in the low-compressible soil. To reduce the development of additional settlement strip foundations of the existing building on the effect of pressure transmitted to a ground base located near the new slab foundation is considered the work of the geotechnical barrier in various ground conditions. In the first variant of soil, conditions (variant 1) made geotechnical barrier structure in a homogeneous thickness of the weak clay soil. In the second variant of soil conditions (variant 2), a separating barrier is performed in a two-layer base. The upper base layer (carrying) is shown a weak water-saturated clay soil, and the second (underlying) – low compressible soil (sandy loam plastic). According to the results of the calculations and modeling found that, the greatest positive effect on the separating barrier structure (geotechnical barrier) is achieved in the case when the base is a two-layer. The lower part of the geotechnical barrier must be recessed into the soil of low compressibility. Additional settlement strip foundation of the existing building in a uniform basis (variant 1) in the absence of geotechnical barrier is approximately 50 mm. In the case of a two-layer base (variant 2), the additional settlement strip foundation building is reduced by 75–80 % (38 mm) and will make about 12 mm. The calculations revealed that the greatest effect on reduction of more strip foundation settlement of existing buildings is achieved by the construction separating barrier between the buildings (the geotechnical barrier), which is the lower end rests in the low- compressible soil.

Keywords: existing strip foundation, neighboring newly arranged slab foundation, additional settlement, geotechnical barrier, clay weak base, homogenous and two-layer base

Anatolii I. Polishchuk – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, e-mail: ofpai@mail.ru.

Aleksandr S. Mezhakov – Master Student, Assistant, e-mail: as.mezhakov@gmail.com.

1. Polishchuk A.I., Tarasov A.A. Osnovaniia, fundamenty i podzemnye sooruzheniia. Glava 16. Usilenie osnovanii I fundamentov zdanii i sooruzhenii [Bases, foundations and underground structures Chapter 16. Strengthening bases and foundations of buildings and structures]. Moscow: ASV, 2016.

2. Dalmatov B.I., Bronin V.N., Karlov V.D., Mangushev R.A., Sakharov I.I., Sotnikov S.N., Ulitskii V.M., Fadeev A.B. Osnovaniia i fundamenty. Chast′ 2. Osnovy geotekhniki [Foundations. Part 2. Basics of Geotechnics]. Moscow, 2002. 392 p.

3. Polishchuk A.I. Osnovy proektirovaniia i ustroistva fundamentov rekonstruiruemykh zdanii [Fundamentals of design and construction of foundations reconstructed buildings]. Nortkhempton; Tomsk: STT, 2007. 476 p.

4. Simagin V.G. Proektirovanie i ustroistvo fundamentov vblizi sushchestvuiushchikh sooruzhenii i v usloviiakh plotnoi zastroiki [Design and installation of foundations near existing buildings and in dense areas]. Moscow: ASV, 2012. 128 p.

5. Mangushev R.A., Karlov V.D., Sakharov I.I., Osokin A.I. Osnovaniia i fundamenty [Bases and foundations]. Moscow, 2011. 392 p.

6. Fellenius B.H. Basics of foundation design available at: https://www.unisoftgs.com/uploaded/ file/RedBook.pdf (accessed 20 September 2016).

7. Razvodovskii D.E., Shuliat'ev O.A., Nikiforova N.S. Otsenka vliianiia novogo stroitel'stva i meropriiatiia po zashchite sushchestvuiushchikh zdanii i sooruzhenii [Assessing the impact of new construction and protection measures for existing buildings and structures]. Rossiiskaia arkhitekturno-stroitel′naia entsiklopedia. Vol. XII. Stroitel'stvo podzemnykh sooruzhenii. Moscow, 2008, pp. 230-239.

8. Programmnyi kompleks Plaxis 2D [The software package Plaxis 2D]. Saint Peterburg, 2010. 105 р.

9. Plaxis 2D. Reference Manual (essential for geotechnical professionals). Build 8122, 2016. 454 p.

10. Paramonov V.N. Metod konechnykh elementov pri reshenii nelineinykh zadach geotekhniki. Saint Petersburg: Georekonstruktsiia, 2012. 262 р.

11. Vinnikov Iu.L., Vedenisov A.V. Model'nye issledovaniia effektivnosti grunto­tsement­nykh razdelitel'nykh ekranov dlia zashchity zdanii ot vliianiia novogo stroitel'stva [Model studies of the effectiveness of grouting dividing screens to protect the building from the effects of the new building]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2015, no. 1, pp. 51-63.

12. Ponomarev A.B., Kaloshina S.V. Influence of club foundations constructed in dense urban settings onsettlement of existing buildings. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 2013, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 194-199.

13. Polishchuk A.I., Mezhakov A.S. Otsenka vliianiia razdelitel'noi shpuntovoi stenki v glinistykh gruntakh na osadki fundamentov sushchestvuiushchikh zdanii [Assessment of separating sheet pile wall in the clay soil on the precipitate foundations of existing buildings]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2016, vol. 4, iss. 1 (10), pp. 33-36. 

The article represents an analysis of scientific papers on research the stress–strain–volumetric responses of  sands, which are reinforced with a variety of geosynthetic materials.  In particular, papers on triaxial compression tests.

Nowadays laboratory tests on triaxial test system widely used. The strength and deformation characteristics of reinforced soil can be found with the help this apparatus. The advantage of this type of testing is a significant degree of approximation to the real conditions. In addition, many scientists continue to develop improved versions of the device. In this article is offered the authors several patents.

Researchers from around the world described the process and results of their experiments. The main part of the conclusions are similar, but each of them has made to the theme of the new parts. Therefore, all papers have an important value in the study of stress-strain state of reinforced soil and the effect of geosynthetic materials on soil bases strength.

Moreover, for creation of virtual soil model computer technologies was used successfully. This made it possible to trace the process of gradually losing strength of the soil sample.

The analysis of scientific literature allowed to schedule a series of experiments on triaxial test system.  The appearance and features of the device, which will be carried out tests, are illustrated in the text.

Keywords: triaxial test system, geosynthetic materials, sand, maximum strength

Mariia V. Rubtsova – Master, e-mail: masharubzova@yandex.ru.

Vladimir I. Kleveko – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, e-mail: vlivkl@mail.ru.

1. Ukhov S.B. [et al.]. Mekhanika gruntov, osnovaniia i fundamenty [Mechanics of soils, bases and foundations]. Moscow: ASV, 1994. 520 p.

2. Broms B.B. Triaxial tests with fabric-reinforced soil. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Use of Fabric in Geotechnics. Paris, 1977, vol. 3, pp. 129-134.

3. McGown A., Andrawes K.Z., Al-Hasani M.M. Effect of inclusion properties on the behavior of sand. Geotechnique, 1978, no. 28, pp. 327-347.

4. Haeri S.M., Noorzad R., Oskoorouchi A.M. Effect of geotextile reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of sand. Geotextile Geomemb, 2000, no. 18, pp. 385-402.

5. Nguyen M.D. [et al.]. Behavior of nonwoven-geotextile-reinforced sand and mobilization of reinforcement strain under triaxial compression. Geosynthetics, 2013, no. 20 (3), pp. 207-225.

6. Madhavi Latha G., Nandhi Varman A.M. Static and cyclic load response of reinforced sand through large triaxial tests. Proceedings of the 15th Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Japan, 2015, p. 5.

7. Nouri S. [et al.]. Triaxial test of drained sand reinforced with plastic layers. Arabian Journal of Geoscience, 2016, no. 53, pp. 1-9.

8. Naeini S.A., Gholampoor N. Cyclic behaviour of dry silty sand reinforced with a geotextile. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 2014, no. 42, pp. 611-619.

9. Markou I. Effect of grain shape and size on the mechanical behavior of reinforced sand. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics “Advances in Transportation Geotechnics 3”. Portugal, 2016, pp. 146-152.

10. Wils L., Haegeman W., Van Impe P.O. Triaxial compression tests on a crushable sand in dry and wet conditions. Proceedings of the XVI ECSMGE Geotechnical Engineering for Infrastructure and Development. Edinburg, 2015, pp. 3449-3454.

11. Madhavi Latha G., Murthy V.S. Effects of reinforcement form on the behavior of geosynthetic reinforced sand. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 2007, no. 25, pp. 23-32.

12. Kuznetsova A.S., Ofrikhter V.G., Ponomarev A.B. Issledovanie prochnostnykh kharakteristik grunta, armirovannogo diskretnymi voloknami polipropilena [Strength research of sand reinforced by discrete polypropylene fibres]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional′nogo issledovatel′skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel′stvo i arkhitektura, 2012, no. 1, pp. 44-55.

13. Yung-Shan Hong, Cho-Sen Wu. The performance of a sand column internally reinforced with horizontal reinforcement layers. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 2013, no. 41, pp. 36-49.