In the operation of the elements of the external strapping of engines, there are cases of fatigue breakdowns of pipes made of alloy stainless steel. The breakdown of pipelines is preceded by the appearance of foci of fretting corrosion on the surface of pipes (under the gasket of the same material). A regular reinforcing sleeve does not always ensure the effective operation of the reinforced pipe in conditions of fretting corrosion and it is necessary to search for affordable and technological ways to increase the resistance of the pipe material to fretting corrosion and fretting fatigue.

This article provides an overview of such types of damage to conditionally fixed joints as fretting corrosion and fretting fatigue. The conditions for the appearance of foci of fretting corrosion on the surface of mated parts and the mechanism of the origin of fatigue cracks are shown. The known methods of technological and constructive ways to reduce the intensity of fretting corrosion are considered.

A method is proposed to increase the fretting fatigue strength of the outer surface of austenitic stainless steel by creating a hardened layer on its surface (by cold plastic deformation – blowing glass shot).

The results of testing samples of pipes of 8×1 mm grade 12Cr18Ni10Ti after hardening treatment with glass shot in comparison with the initial (ground) state (without additional processing) are presented.

Studies have shown that pipe surface hardening is effective for increasing the endurance limit of 12X18H10T steel pipes and is effective for increasing fatigue strength in fretting corrosion conditions.

Experimental work has shown that the hardening treatment of the pipe surface with glass shot according to a given regime leads to the formation of a surface hardened layer with an increased level of compressive residual stresses relative to the initial / ground state. It is also shown that the hardening treatment of samples (according to a given regime) eliminates the annular rippling on the surface of the polished pipes and eliminates the negative effect of individual deep ripples, which are the foci of fatigue cracks.

Keywords: fretting corrosion, fretting fatigue, austenitic steel, stainless steel, surface hardening, hydroblasting, fretting resistance, fatigue tests, residual stresses, fatigue.

Olga A. Zagorskikh (Perm, Russian Federation) – Postgraduate student of  NRC «Kurchatov Institute» - VIAM, Deputy Chief  Metallurgist, JSC «UEC – Perm Engines» (93, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614010, Russian Federation, e-mail: Zagorskikh-OA@pmz.ru).

Anatoliy B. Laptev (Moscow, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher, NRC «Kurchatov Institute» - VIAM (17, Radio str., Moscow, 105005, Russian Federation, e-mail: admin@viam.ru).

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The article examines the study of the possibility of processing edges on the ends of gear wheels using a rotating elastic abrasive tool, and also determines the effect of processing modes on the productivity of the process and the quality of the processed edges.

During experimental studies, elastic abrasive tools were used: a radial polymer-abrasive brush of the company 3M brand Scotch-Brite™ BD-ZB P36 and a flap wheel 14A 5 GOST 22775-77 (OJSC «Belgorod Abrasive Plant»). Experimental studies were carried out using a modern vertical machining center Deckel Maho DMC 635V.

As a result of the research, it was found that it is impossible to measure the parameters necessary for evaluating the productivity of the process on the available measuring equipment, and a method for assessing the sizes of rounded edges on real gears using impressions and counter-impressions obtained directly from rounded edges has been developed.

Dependencies between the average size of the edge and the cutting speed and the tool deformation during the processing of the gear edge of the feed box screw-cutting lathe made of steel 40H have been identified.

Rational ranges of variation of processing modes for each of the studied tools are established. It is proved that processing using modes exceeding these ranges leads to the occurrence of unacceptable defects on the processed edges.

Based on the results of the research, a regression equation is obtained, which allows calculating the average size of the edge from the processing modes for each of the studied tools.

The obtained results should be taken into account when optimizing the considered operations and when designing the technological operation of finishing the edges of gear wheels with elastic abrasive tools.

Keywords: polymer-abrasive brush, flap wheel, processing performance, average edge size, rounding off edges, deburring, processing modes, disc deformation, cutting speed, gear wheel edges, regression equation.

Dmitriy B. Podashev (Kaliningrad, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of department of process eguipment engineering, Kaliningrad State Technical University (1, Sovetsky prosp., Kaliningrad, 236022, Russian Federation, e-mail: dmitrij.podashev@klgtu.ru).

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20. Neginskii E.A., Ott O.S., Artiukhin L.L. Sposob obrabotki bokovykh storon profilia tsilindricheskikh zubchatykh evol'ventnykh koles [Method of machining of lateral sides of the profile of cilindrical involute gears]. Patent Rossiiskaia Federatsiia no. 2453404 C1 (2012).

21. Valikov E.N. Obrabotka tortsov zub'ev krupno­gabaritnykh zubchatykh koles: uchebnoe posobie dlia vuzov [Processing of tooth faces of large-size gear wheels: textbook for universities]. E.N. Valikov, V.A. Beliakova. Tula: Izdatelstvo TulGU, 2010, 115 p.

22. Valikov E.N. Obkatnik dlia obrabotki kromok zub'ev krupnogabaritnykh zubchatykh koles [Rolling machine for machining edges of large-sized gear teeth]. E.N. Valikov, Iu.S. Timofeev, A.S. Zhurina. Izvestiia Tul'skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Tekhnicheskie nauki, 2013, no. 8, pp. 260–263.

23. Dimov Iu.V. Issledovanie kachestva poverkhnosti pri skruglenii kromok polimerno-abrazivnymi shchetkami [Investigation of surface quality during edge rounding with polymer-abrasive brushes]. Iu.V. Dimov, D.B. Podashev. Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2016, no. 9, pp. 23–34.

24. Dimov Iu.V. Issledovanie proizvoditel'nosti pro­tsessa skrugleniia kromok polimerno-abrazivnymi shchetkami [Performance study of edge rounding process with polymer-abrasive brushes]. Iu.V. Dimov, D.B. Podashev. Vestnik mashinostroeniia, 2017, no. 3, pp. 74–78.

25. Dimov, Iu.V. Proizvoditel'nost' protsessa pri obrabotke kromok detalei polimerno-abrazivnymi shchetkami [Process productivity for edge treatment of parts with polymer-abrasive brushes]. Iu.V. Dimov, D.B. Podashev. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhni­cheskogo universiteta. Mashinostroenie, materialovedenie, 2020, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 29–36. 

One of the main directions of modern development of the production of construction and fine ceramics, as well as new generation refractories, is to increase the level of their own operational properties, taking into account the demand of modern design. The microstructure of fine ceramics (porcelain and faience) is represented by SiO2 quartz grains, mullite crystals (variable composition from  to  glass phase with feldspar components in the amount of 5–10 % (faience) and 50 % (porcelain). Studies have been conducted on the introduction of fillers to increase the adsorption capacity of pigmented part of colorful material due to fluctuations magnitude of the negative surface charge to redistribute silane groups. After applying the colorful material to aporous surface by silkscreen printing, by glazing and firing from 1140 to 1160°C the gloss and glaze spill improves as a result of thermal transformations. During firing the metal salt solution decomposes. The oxides deposited in the ceramic material combine with silica, alumina and other components as well as with glaze. It has been shown that the pigments of various chemical systems in colorful compositions affect the decorative properties of the coatings.

Кeywords: thermal transformations, structure, coatings, ceramic pigments, chemical system, adsorption capacity, ceramic material, decorative properties, fillers, mineral salts, silanol groups, economics, design.

Galina N. Papulova (Moscow, Russian Federation) – Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences the Moscow State University of Technology "STANKIN"
(3A, Vadkovskiy Pereulok, 127055, Moscow, Russian Federation, e-mail: papulova_galina@mail.ru).

Ilya V. Zadorozhnyy (Moscow, Russian Federation) – Student the Moscow State University of Technology "STANKIN" (3A, Vadkovskiy Pereulok, 127055, Moscow, Russian Federation, e-mail: ilko2916@mail.ru).

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Additive technologies (AT) are becoming increasingly widespread in all branches of Russian industry. Along with the many advantages of these technologies, there are a number of technical problems that limit the use of AT.

This work is devoted to solving the technical problem of obtaining profiled holes, namely threaded ones, in the housings of prefabricated cutting tools (SRI) during their synthesis from metal powders by an additive method, namely by selective laser fusion (SLM).

 The purpose of the work is to obtain threaded holes in the housings of parts synthesized using additive SLM technology. Due to the peculiarities of SLM technology, the actual shape and dimensions of the threaded hole do not correspond to the nominal shape and dimensions specified A 3D model. The actual dimensions of the axial section (outer, middle and inner diameters) due to the step structure of the synthesized surface are obtained less than the specified ones. The shape of the cross-section is distorted due to such a phenomenon as "sagging". The authors of the work have proposed a method for compensating the distortion of the axial section by adjusting the nominal dimensions, as well as by removing every second turn of the nominal profile. Compensation for the distortion of the cross section in the form of "sagging" is made by introducing a prismatic cutout in the upper part of the hole. The proposed modification of the longitudinal and transverse thread profile makes it possible to ensure the assemblability of the resulting hole with a mounting screw, while eliminating the complex and expensive operation of obtaining a thread in the housing in the traditional way (drilling + threading with a tap or a threaded cutter).

The conducted research makes it possible to obtain prefabricated cutting tool housings using progressive SLM technology, while compensating for certain features of this technology by modifying the original model of the threaded hole. The method proposed by the authors makes it possible to obtain threaded holes without further machining, which reduces the cost of obtaining each hole in the amount of 100 to 500 rubles.

Keywords: prefabricated cutting tools, additive SLM technology, threaded holes, thread correction, thread profile distortion compensation, thread modification for SLM technology, distortion of the theoretical thread profile, improving the efficiency of SLM technology, thread synthesis by SLM, screwing synthesized threads with a screw.

Evgenii N. Pizhenkov (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) – Senior lecturer at the Department of Mechanical Engineering Technologies, Machine Tools and Tools, Head of the Laboratory of the Central Research Institute of UrFU (19, Mira st., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russian Federation, e-mail: e.n.pizhenkov@urfu.ru).

Ivan T. Kuznetsov (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate student of the Department of Mechanical Engineering Technologies, Machine Tools and Tools (19, Mira st., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russian Federation, e-mail: I.T.Kuznetsov@urfu.me).

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In today's world, many high-tech companies are looking for new methods, technologies, and tools to accurately measure the physical and chemical properties of products made from polymer composite materials. This is especially important for mass production of critical components made from these materials. To reduce the time it takes to determine the content of the polymer matrix, a new method using low-temperature solvolysis was tested.This method showed promising results in reducing the time required for the measurement process. Based on the analysis of literature, regulatory, scientific and technical documents, as well as state standards for determining the binder content in carbon fiber plastics, currently used methods for studying this indicator were considered, such as the calculation method, burning (calcination) and etching in aggressive media compared to the solvolysis method. The results of studies on carbon fiber samples produced using prepreg technology by autoclaving based on layered, unidirectional, and combined reinforcing fillers are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the solvolysis method are discussed. In the case of solvolysis, the type of filler, number of layers, and reinforcement scheme are important when choosing the geometry of the test sample.. According to the research, it was found that when using the low-temperature solvolysis method, the testing time to determine the binder content index was reduced by two times compared to the method according to GOST R 56682 requirements. This is a significant improvement for production processes.

Keywords: low-temperature solvolysis, physico-chemical properties, polymer composite materials, carbon fiber, reinforcement filler, matrix concentration, binder concentration, prepreg, autoclave molding, etching, calculation technique, burning.

Galina I. Shaidurova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Mechanics of composite materials and structures, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., 614990, Perm, Russian Federation, e-mail: sgi615@iskra.perm.ru).

Valentina R. Khanova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Lead engineer NOC ACT, a postgraduate student of the Department Mechanics of composite materials and structures, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komso­molsky av., 614990, Perm, Russian Federation, e-mail: Khanova-kt2@pstu.ru).

Victor V. Kukshinov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Engineer NOC ACT, Student of the Department of Aircraft Engineering, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., 614990, Perm, Russian Federation, e-mail: viktor.kykshinov@yandex.ru).

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The study examined the possibility and prospects of using high-performance plasma metallization for additive manufacturing of aluminum alloy products. In the context of modern production, where there is an increasing need for high-quality and lightweight materials, efficient aluminum processing technologies are becoming relevant. In most cases, powder materials are used as initial materials for the manufacture of metal products using additive technologies. This work shows the technological possibility of using the products of spraying wire material from aluminum alloys to form products, blanks and coatings. Plasma metallization as a method with a high degree of control over the formation process and excellent mechanical properties opens up new horizons in additive technology. The work considers the basic principles of plasma metallization, its advantages over traditional methods, as well as the influence of various process parameters on the properties of the resulting products. It is shown that the creation of optimal conditions for the formation of blanks using layer-by-layer plasma metallization is determined by the features of plasma arc generation, the composition and diameter of the wire used, the composition and consumption of the plasma-forming and additional gases, the arc current, the distance to the formed surface, the protection of particles and the formed surface. The morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained metallization materials were studied. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of aluminum alloys formed using high-performance plasma metallization technology, which allows us to determine their suitability for industrial application of both additive technology and "classical" metallization. Studies were also conducted on the effect of heat treatment of materials obtained using additive technologies based on the high-performance plasma metallization method.

Keywords: layered plasma metallization, additive technologies, additive product formation, aluminum alloys, additive material.

Dmitry S. Belinin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Department “Operation of Auto Armored Vehicles”, Perm Military Institute of National Guard Forces of the Russian Federation
(1, st. Rattling log, Perm, 614030, Russian Federation,
e-mail: 5ly87@mail.ru).

Yuri D. Shchitsyn (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of Department “Welding Production, Metrology and Technology of Materials”, Perm National Research Polytechnic University
(29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: schicin@pstu.ru).

Maxim V. Pichkalev (Perm, Russian Federation) – Researcher of the laboratory of precision technologies in agriculture, Perm Research Institute of Agriculture,
PFIC Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
(12, Kultura str., Perm district, Perm region, 614532, Lobanovo village, Russian Federation, e-mail: pniish@rambler.ru).

Roman G. Nikulin  (Perm, Russian Federation) – Postgraduate Student of the Department “Welding Production, Metrology and Technology of Materials”, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: mt-bw@yandex.ru).

Svetlana G. Nikulina (Perm, Russian Federation) – Postgraduate student of the Department of “Welding Production, Metrology and Technology of Materials”, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: mt-bw@yandex.ru).

Sergey D. Neulybin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of “Welding Production, Metrology and Technology of Materials”, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: sn-1991@mail.ru).

Pavel S. Voynov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Major, Lecturer, Department of Operation of Armored Vehicles, Perm Military Institute of National Guard Forces of the Russian Federation (1, st. Rattling log, Perm, 614030, Russian Federation, e-mail:  voynovps@rosgvard.ru).

Pulan Karunakara Pupati Karupasami (Bombay, India) – Ph.D., Professor, Head of Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (Main Gate Rd, IIT Area, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India email: karuna@iitb.ac.in).

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The work reviews the processes occurring during the crystallization of alloys. The regularities of crystallization of welds and the formation of the primary structure of alloys are shown. Certainly the urgent question for today is to ensure the operational reliability of welded assemblies and structures as a whole, including stainless steels. The reliability of the structure is directly related to the required level of mechanical properties of welded joints, which in turn have a direct dependence on the structural and phase components of the weld and the welded joint as a whole. The issues of formation of structure and properties during crystallization of weld metal to date have not been fully studied and research in this area continues. The conditions of primary structure formation are formulated. The type of primary structure of welds is determined by the impurity content and the value of the concentration supercooling criterion. It is revealed that it is possible not only to obtain all these structures in the weld, but also to control their development by changing the conditions of growth, as it follows from the theory of concentration supercooling. The crystallization pattern of welds is shown, representing the shape of crystallite axes and the value of the angle of accretion of oppositely growing crystallites to the weld axis – the angle between tangents to these axes.

Also the paper presents the analysis of these regularities of crystallization processes in metal, criteria of crystallization processes and its mechanisms are highlighted. The interrelation of crystallization processes with the

Keywords: crystallization, weld, crytsallization front, concentration supercooling, austenitic class steel, structure, welding process, cooling rate, weld pool, temperature.

Tatyana V. Olshanskaya (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Welding Production, Metrology and Technology of Materials, Perm National Research Polytechnic University
(29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: tvo66@rambler.ru).

Elena M. Fedoseeva (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Welding Production, Metrology and Technology of Materials, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, е-mail: emfedoseeva@pstu.ru).

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Additive technologies for growing products are developing intensively and are increasingly being used in high-tech industries for manufacturing complex-shaped parts from structural steels and special alloys. Currently, in most cases, additive technologies based on the use of powder materials as the source material are used in the manufacture of metal products. However, when using these technologies, the list of structural materials from which it is possible to obtain products with the required physical and mechanical characteristics is significantly narrowed. At the same time, a significant increase in the productivity of the layer-by-layer growth of products is provided by additive technologies based on surfacing of wire material. These technologies can significantly increase the metal utilization rate and reduce the time for technological preparation of production. The article provides a review of literary sources describing the development and study of additive processes for electron beam growth of products using wire filler material. These works are intensively carried out in the following companies: 3D Systems Corporation (U.S.), 3T RPD (U.K.), Arcam AB (Sweden), Biomedical Model-ing, Inc. (U.S.), Envisiontec GmbH (Germany), EOS GmbH Electro Optical Systems (Germany), Fcubic AB (Sweden), GPI Prototype and Manufacturing Services, Inc. (U.S.), Greatbatch, Inc. (U.S.), Layerwise NV (Belgium), Limacorporate SPA (Italy), Materialise NV (Belgium), Medical Modeling, Inc. (U.S.) Norsk Titanium (U.S.), Sciaky (US). The characteristics of materials grown by electron beam wire surfacing are considered. Among the disadvantages noted is the low accuracy of the geometry of parts, compared to powder surfacing methods, due to temperature deformations of the synthesized material. In addition, the surface of the products is uneven due to the layer-by-layer nature of the surfacing process, and to obtain the specified geometric parameters of the parts, it is necessary to carry out final mechanical processing of their surface. The parameters of electron-beam additive surfacing are given, the effect of the filler wire feed mode on the results of product formation is described. Mathematical models of the process are described and an analysis of patents on electron-beam surfacing with wire material is carried out.

Keywords: additive technologies, 3D printing, layered formation, electron beam sources of thermal energy.

Stepan V. Varushkin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Candidate of Technical Sciences, Researcher at the Laboratory of Methods of Creation and Design of systems "Material – Technology – Construction" (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: e-mail: stepan.varushkin@ mail.ru).

Vladimir Y. Belenky (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department "Welding Production, Metrology and Technology of Materials", Professor of the Department of Operation of Armored Vehicles, Perm Military Institute of National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation (1, st. Rattling log, Perm, 614030, Russian Federation, e-mail: vladimirbelenkij@yandex.ru).

Maxim A. Kovtunovich (Perm, Russian Federation) – Bachelor's degree, Master's degree, Process Engineer
(29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation,
e-mail: 469safari33@mail.ru).

Nikolai A. Kolchanov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Bachelor's degree, Master's degree, process engineer
(29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation,
e-mail: e-mail:nikolayiriv@yandex.ru).

Alexandr O. Pechenkin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Bachelor's degree, Master's degree, Process Engineer
(29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation,
e-mail: aleks.pe4enkin@yandex.ru).

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