BULLETIN
OF PERM NATIONAL RESEARCH POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY ISSN (Print): 2224-9877 ISSN (Online): 2224-9877 | ||
APPLICATION OF THE SHS PROCESS FOR FABRICATION OF CERAMIC-METAL COMPOSITE POWDERS ON THE BASIS OF TITANIUM CARBIDE AND IRON A.P. Amosov, A.R. Samboruk, I.V. Yatsenko, V.V. Yatsenko Received: 15.10.2018 Received in revised form: 15.10.2018 Published: 20.12.2018 ![]() Abstract:
An overview of methods for producing ceramic-metal composites (cermets), based on titanium carbide and iron, which are also called carbide-steels and ferrotics. It is shown that the traditional methods of powder metallurgy and foundry technology are long-term and energy-intensive. The results obtained earlier are presented to use the process of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) for obtaining TiC–Fe and Al2O3-TiC–Fe cermets both from elemental powders and from oxides by aluminothermic reduction. Own results on coupling of reactions of SHS of titanium carbide and reduction of iron from oxide by aluminum (aluminothermic reduction) and carbon (carbothermic reduction) are described in more detail. It is shown that in the case of aluminothermic reduction, it is advisable to use as a charge (Ti+C)+x(Fe2O3+2Al) a mixture of thermite (Fe2O3+2Al) and carbide (Ti+C) granules, separately prepared from the original powders. In the case of carbothermic reduction, there is no need to granulate the charge from a total mixture of powders (Ti+C)+x(Fe2O3+3C). The combustion of these SHS charges proceeds quietly in a simple open-type reactor in an air atmosphere, without ejections of the initial reactants and products of SHS. Combustion products are highly porous, easy-to-grind cakes of Fe(Al)–Fe3Al–Al2O3–TiC or Fe–TiC cermet powders. Presented applications of the coupled combustion process are distinguished by energy saving, simple technology and equipment, cheap source components, good properties of the synthesized cermet powders, that determines the prospects of the organization of their competitive industrial production for use as abrasive materials, wear-resistant coatings, the initial powders for fabrication of compacted wear-resistant components and billets by powder metallurgy. Keywords: cermets, carbide-steels, ferrotics, TiC-Fe, powder, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), combustion synthesis aluminothermic reduction, carbothermic reduction, structure of combustion products, phase composition. Authors:
Alexander P. Amosov (Samara, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Metallurgy, Powder Metallurgy, Nanomaterials, Samara State Technical University; e-mail: egundor@yandex.ru. Anatoly R. Samboruk (Samara, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Metallurgy, Powder Metallurgy, Nanomaterials, Samara State Technical University; e-mail: samboruk55@mail.ru. Igor V. Yatsenko (Samara, Russian Federation) – Researcher of the Department of Metallurgy, Powder Metallurgy, Nanomaterials, Samara State Technical University; Vladimir V. Yatsenko (Samara, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Researcher of the Department of Metallurgy, Powder Metallurgy, Nanomaterials, Samara State Technical University; e-mail: vladimir.yatsenko@inbox.ru. References: 1. Kiparisov S.S., Levinskii Iu.V., Petrov A.P. 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International Journal of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis, 2007, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 70–78. 26. Amosov A.P., Makarenko A.G., Samboruk A.R., Seplyarskii B.S., Samboruk A.A., Gerasimov I.O., Orlov A.V., Yatsenko V.V. Effect of batch pelletizing on a course of SHS reactions: an overwiew. International Journal of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis, 2010, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 70–77. 27. Iatsenko V.V. Gorenie granulirovannoi zhelezoaliuminievoi termitnoi smesi pri poluche-nii zheleza i ego kompozita s karbidom titana [Burning of the granulated zhelezoalyuminiyevy thermite mix when receiving iron and its composite with carbide of the titan]. Abstract Ph. D. 28. Amosov A.P., Samboruk A.R., Yatsenko I.V., Yatsenko V.V. Fabrication of composite powders based on titanium carbide and iron by SHS with reducing stage. 29. Iatsenko I.V., Samboruk A.R., Kuznets E.A. Samorasprostraniaiushchiisia vysokotemperaturnyi sintez granul kompozita FeAl–Fe3Al–Al2O3–TiC [The self-extending high-temperature synthesis of granules of a composite of FeAl-Fe3Al-Al2O3-TiC]. Vestnik Samarskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2017, no. 1(53), pp. 165–173. 30. Iatsenko I.V. Samorasprostraniaiushchiisia vysokotemperaturnyi sintez keramiko-metallicheskikh kompozitsionnykh poroshkov na osnove karbida titana i zheleza [The self-extending high-temperature synthesis of keramiko-metal composite powders on the basis of carbide of the titan and iron]. Abstract Ph. D. thesis. Samara, 2017, 16 p. 31. Yatsenko I.V., Yatsenko V.V., Amosov A.P., Samboruk A.R. Fe reduction by carbon during self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of Fe–TiC composite. Key Engineering Materials, 2016, vol. 685, pp. 768–771. INFLUENCE OF NANODISPERSED POWDERS OF CARBON TO THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POWDER STEEL BY SPS S.A. Oglezneva, A.A. Kulikova, L.M. Grevnov, N.D. Ogleznev Received: 19.10.2018 Received in revised form: 19.10.2018 Published: 20.12.2018 ![]() Abstract:
The object of the study are powder steels with different forms of carbon. The aim of the work was to study the possibilities of obtaining powder steels with enhanced operational and mechanical properties through the use of various carbon components in the powder mixture. The properties and structure of powdered steels with different carbon nature are considered: colloidal and thermally expanded graphite, carbon nanotubes. The steels were obtained in two ways: 1) pressing in a mold at a pressure of 600 MPa, followed by sintering in vacuum at 1000 °C for 2 hours; 2) spark plasma sintering (IPA) at 950 °C, 5 minutes, under a pressure of 30 MPa. Powders of graphite was introduced in the amount of 1 wt. %, powder taunite - 0.3 wt. % The structure and properties were investigated by standard methods for powder steels. The microstructure, grain sizes, microhardness were investigated using X-ray diffraction, microdurometric analyzes, optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy; determined hardness, strength, coefficient of friction. It was established that with the addition of carbon powders of various modifications, Keywords: powder metallurgy, carbon, steel, colloidal graphite, thermally expanded graphite, carbon nanotubes, plasma-spark sintering, Authors:
Svetlana A. Oglezneva (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department Anna A. Kulikova (Perm, Russian Federation) – student, Department of Materials, Technologies and Design of Machines, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e-mail: osa@pm.pstu.ac.ru. Lev M. Grevnov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Engineer, Department Nikita D. Ogleznev (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department References: 1. Il'iushchenko A.F., Savich V.V. Sovremennoe sostoianie poroshkovoi metallurgii v Zapadnoi Evrope: tendentsii i perspektivy [The current state of powder metallurgy in Western Europe: trends and prospects]. Poroshkovaia metallurgiia: respublikanskii mezhvedomstvennyi sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, 2015, no. 38, pp. 7–17. 2. Eremeeva Zh.V. 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International scholarly research FEATURES OF FORMATION OF GRADIENT POROUS AND COMPACT POROUS POWDER STRUCTURES BY SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING OF TITANIUM GRADE VT1-0 SPHERICAL POWDER D.V. Minko Received: 16.10.2018 Received in revised form: 16.10.2018 Published: 20.12.2018 ![]() Abstract:
The possibility of using selective laser sintering (SLS) to obtain gradient porous and compact porous powder structures by surface melting of powder particles while maintaining a solid core is shown. In order to study the kinetics of contact formation, it was proposed to assume the minimum energy value of a single laser pulse as the value at which a certain structural element having a diameter equal to the diameter of the laser beam focal spot and the thickness equal to the powder particle average diameter, is obtained. The temperature distribution on the surface of the VT1-0 titanium powder structural element of the fractional composition (-0.315+0.2) mm and (-0.4+0.315) mm was investigated when exposed to a single laser pulse of various power and duration. It is shown that the powder particles in the central zone of the focal spot are heated to temperatures of 1900–2000 K, while particles outside this zone are heated to temperatures of only 900-1000 K and do not participate in the process of contact formation. Established the ranges of SLS technological modes, under which stable contact formation of titanium powder particles of the studied fractional compositions takes place. The possibility of forming gradient porous and compact porous powder structures by controlling the parameters of pulsed laser exposure was experimentally shown. It has been found that accurate dosing of energy and the number of pulses of laser radiation results in minimal shrinkage of powder layers within the absence of particle conglomeration, control the structural characteristics and properties of products, microstructure and phase composition preservation of the original materials. The technology allows providing intralayer and interlayer powder sintering of different fractional compositions with a given structure gradient with minimal disruption of the initial geometry of the particles. Keywords: powder, titanium, gradient, temperature, pulse, laser, radiation, reflection, radiation power, focal spot.
Authors:
Dmitry V. Minko (Minsk, Republic of Belarus) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Machines and Technology of Metal Forming, Belarusian National Technical University; e-mail: dminko@bntu.by. References: 1. Koizumi M. The concept of FGM. Ceramic Trans., 1993, vol. 34, pp. 3–11. 2. Niino M., Hirai T., Watanabe R. The functionally gradient materials. Journal Japan Society for Composite Materials, 1987, vol. 13, pp. 257–264. 3. Kieback B., Neubrand A., Riedek H. Processing techniques for functionally graded materials. Materials Science and Engineering, 2003, vol. A362, pp. 81–105. 4. Deckard C.R., Beaman J.J. Recent advances in selec-tive laser sintering. Proc. of the 14th Conf. on Prod. Research and Techn. Michigan, 1987, pp. 447–451. 5. Meteinick J. The technology of rapid prototyping. Innovation Summer, 1992, pp. 30–32. 6. Fischer P. Sintering of commercially pure titanium powder with a Nd:YAG laser source. Acta Materialia, 2003, vol. 51, pp. 1651–1662. 7. Hanninen J. Direct metal laser sintering. Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing, 2002, vol. 160(5), pp. 33–36. 8. Yap C.Y. Review of selective laser melting: materi-als and applications. Applied Physics Reviews, 2015, vol. 2, pp. 041101. URL: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4935926 (accessed 30 October 2018). 9. Herzog D., Seyda V., Wycisk E., Emmelmann C. Additive manufacturing of metals. Acta Materialia, 2016, vol. 117, pp. 371–392. 10. Yasuda N., Ohnako I., Kaziura H., Nishivaki Y. Fabrication of Metallic Porous Media by Semisolid Processing Using Laser Irradiation. Mater. Transact., 2001, vol. 42(2), pp. 309–315. 11. Dilip J.J.S. Influence of processing parameters on the evolution of melt pool, porosity, and microstructures in Ti–6Al–4V alloy parts fabricated by selective laser melting. Progress in Add. Manuf., 2017, vol. 2, pp. 157–167. 12. Fischer P. Microstructure of near-infrared pulsed laser sintered titanium samples. Appl. Phys., 2004, vol. A78, pp. 1219–1227. 13. Belyavin K.E., Minko D.V., Chivel Yu.A., Pavlenko V.K. New technology of selective laser sintering. EURO PM2005 Cong. and Exhib. Proc., 2–5 October 2005, Prague, Czech Republic, 2005, vol. 2, pp. 171–176. 14. Beliavin K.E., Min'ko D.V., Kuznechik O.O., Chivel' Iu.A., Pavlenko V.K. Ustanovka poroshkovoi lazernoi stereolitografii [Installation of a powder laser stereolithograph]. Patent Rossiiskaia Federatsiia no. 2299787 (2007). 15. Beliavin K.E., Min'ko D.V., Chivel' Iu.A., Pavlenko V.K. Ustanovka poroshkovoi lazernoi stereolitografii i oblasti ee primeneniia [Installation of a powder laser stereolithograph and field of its application]. Poroshkovaia metallurgiia. NAN Belarusi. Minsk, 2007, iss. 30, pp. 35–43. 16. Fischer P., Romano V., Weber H.P., Karapatis N.P., Boillat E., Glardon R. Sintering of commercially pure titanium powder with a Nd:YAG laser source. Acta Materialia, 2003, vol. 51, pp. 1651–1662. 17. Belyavin K.E., Minko D.V., Bykov R.P., Kuznechik O.O. Investigation of influence of Pulse-periodical laser radiation power on stability of liquid-metal contacts between powder Particles during selective laser sintering. Extended Abstracts of 2006 Powder Metal. World Cong., 24–28 Septembe 2006, BEXCO, Busan, Korea, 2006. part 1, pp. 518–519. 18. Beliavin K.E., Min'ko D.V., Bykov R.P., Kuznechik O.O. Issledovanie vliianiia moshchnosti impul'sno-periodicheskogo lazernogo izlucheniia na ustoichivost' zhidkometallicheskikh kontaktov mezhdu chastitsami poroshka pri selektivnom lazernom spekanii [A research of influence of power of pulse and periodic laser radiation 19. Belyavin K.E., Minko D.V., Kuznechik O.O., By-kov R.P., Zatyagin D.A. Solid-state laser fusion of spherical titanium powders. Powder Metal. and Metal Ceramics., 2008, vol. 47(7–8), pp. 500–505. 20. Kolachev B.A., Gabidullin R.M., Piguzov Iu.V. Tekhnologiia termicheskoi obrabotki tsvetnykh metallov i splavov: uchebnoe posobie dlia vuzov [Technology of heat treatment of non-ferrous metals and alloys]. Moscow.: Metallurgiia, 1980, 280 p. SEALS CONDITION MONITORING FROM THERMAL-EXTENDED GRAPHITE BASED ON OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGIES O.Yu Isaev, D.V. Smirnov, A.A. Ponomarev, A.L. Kameneva, I.S. Shelemba, A.A. Ogleznev, R.S. Yudin Received: 19.10.2018 Received in revised form: 19.10.2018 Published: 20.12.2018 ![]() Abstract:
The research work is devoted to current-day problem critical nodes diagnostics of modern industrial factories. The leakproofness of releasable joints is an important condition of equipment performance in oil and gas, processing and chemical industries. Nowadays viscoelastic seals are commonly used to ensure the leakproofness of releasable joints. Thermal-extended graphite is relating to viscoelastic material and it described in this article. Timely diagnostics of releasable joints allows to increase turnaround interval. Authors come up with a technical decision of monitoring condition of releasable joints during the exploitation. Decision is based on fiber – optic technologies. The research has an interdisciplinary nature, it is based on the junction of materials science and integrated optics. Thermally expanded graphite seal design with embedded fiber-optic sensors is revealed in the article. The informative parameters The dependences of the selected informative parameters on external loads (bolt torque and pressure in the system) are considered. Theoretical calculations the stress-strain condition of seals were associated with data from fiber – optic sensors during bolt tightening and pressure supply. The efficiency of the developed technical decision for the diagnostics of the seal condition was experimentally proved. Keywords: thermal-extended graphite, seal, fiber-optic sensor, fiber Bragg gratings, releasable joints, spectrum, signal analyzer, control, leakproofness, pressure. Authors:
Oleg Yu. Isaev (Perm, Russian Federation) – general director, LLC “Sealur”; e‑mail: isaev@sealur.ru. Dmitry V. Smirnov (Perm, Russian Federation) – second deputy general director, LLC “Sealur”; e‑mail: smirnov@sealur.ru. Anatoly A. Ponomarev (Perm, Russian Federation) – process engineer, LLC “Sealur”, Postgraduate student, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e‑mail: ponomarev@sealur.ru. Anna L. Kameneva (Perm, Russian Federation) – doctor of technical sciences, professor, department of Innovative engineering technology, deputy head of the basic department of Special engineering, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e‑mail: annkam789@mail.ru. Ivan S. Shelemba (Perm, Russian Federation) – first deputy general director – chief designer, “Inversion Sensor Co.”, Ltd.; e‑mail: shelemba@i-sensor.ru. Andrey A. Ogleznev (Perm, Russian Federation) – technical director, “Inversion Sensor Co.”, Ltd.; e‑mail: ogleznev@i-sensor.ru. Roman S. 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Germetichnost' raz"emnykh soedinenii oborudovaniia, ekspluatiruemogo pod davleniem rabochei sredy [Tightness of detachable connections of the equipment operated under pressure of a working environment]. Izdatel'stvo Tambovskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2012, 280 p. EVALUATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF IMPROVING SHOCK-ABRASIVE PERFORMANCE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AT THE ACCOUNT OF OPTIMIZATION OF THEIR ELASTIC-DISSIPATIVE PROPERTIES Received: 16.10.2018 Received in revised form: 16.10.2018 Published: 20.12.2018 ![]() Abstract:
The work is devoted to the study of the mechanism of shock-abrasive wear (AIM) as one of the poorly studied types of mechanical wear. Machines and mechanisms of the oil, mining, construction and road sectors are more susceptible to abrasive wear. One of the ways to improve the wear resistance of materials subjected to AIM is the introduction of alloying elements into their composition. The influence of the chemical composition of the powder material on impact-abrasive wear resistance was determined and the effectiveness of the introduction of carbon, nickel and chromium into the powder materials was substantiated. The analysis of existing works and conducted studies have shown that increasing the wear resistance of compact and powder steels by known methods does not provide them with the necessary combination of properties. The paper shows the possibility of increasing the shock-abrasive wear resistance of compact and powder materials due to the damping of impact energy in composite samples consisting of layers of wear-resistant steel and an elastic-dissipative substrate. It has been established that the use of elastic substrates reduces the wear of a composite material due to the absorption and dissipation of the impact energy. A feature of the AIM mechanism of a composite material with the use of an elastic-dissipative substrate and the influence of its properties on the wear rate are disclosed. To study the impact-abrasive wear resistance of a composite material, samples were made consisting of a layer of wear-resistant steel and an elastic damping layer. The elastic damping layer was attached to the wear-resistant layer using hot and cold vulcanization technology. Testing of composite samples on AIM was carried out on a special installation. Further research directions are identified. Keywords: shock-abrasive wear, powder composite material, elastic-dissipative substrate, damping, increased wear resistance, impact energy, alloying, chromium, nickel, carbon. Authors:
Pavel V. Sirotin (Novocherkassk, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Automobiles and Transport and Technological Complexes, The South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) named after M.I. Platov; e-mail: spv_61@mail.ru. Badrudin G. Gasanov (Novocherkassk, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of International Logistics Systems and Complexes, The South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) named after M.I. Platov; e-mail: KafmIsik@gmail.com. Markiz A. Ismailov (Novocherkassk, Russian Federation) – applicant, department of Automobiles and transport-technological complexes, The South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) named after M.I. Platov; e-mail: al_myalim@mail.ru. References: 1. Garkunov D.N. Tribotekhnika (iznos i bezyznosnost'): uchebnik [Tribotekhnika (wear and bezyznosnost)]. 4nd. ed. Moscow: Izdatelstvo MSKhA, 2001, 616 p. 2. Antsiferov V.N. 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Leningrad; Moscow: Goskhimizdat, 1949, 457 p. THERMODILATOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF A MECHANICALLY ACTIVATED POWDER COMPOSITION TI–SIC–C A.A. Smetkin, M.N. Kachenyuk, V.G. Gilev Received: 01.10.2018 Received in revised form: 01.10.2018 Published: 20.12.2018 ![]() Abstract:
The paper presents research results of the consolidation of mechanically activated mixture of Ti-SiC-C. Mechanical activation of the powder system is an effective pre-treatment of mixtures, providing they are non-equilibrium state and activation of the processes of phase formation, shrinkage during sintering. The consolidation of the mechanoactivated powder mixture Ti-17SiC-17C (wt.%) was studied using the thermomechanical analyzer SETSYS Evolution 24 in the temperature range of 20-1500 °C. The curves of compaction and shrinkage rate in the temperature function are obtained. Temperature ranges for active processes of shrinkage and phase transformations are determined. The temperature points corresponding to the transformations in the mixture during heating are about 650, 850, 1050, 1175, 1200, 1250 and 1300 °C. Active diffusion processes are reflected in a significant change in the shrinkage rate from 18 to 5 µm/min in the range of 750-850 °C. At T > 850 °C, the change in shrinkage rate is due to polymorphic transformation in titanium. In the range of 1050-1300 °C shell structures of Ti5Si3 and TiC on the surfaces of titanium particles are formed. Here, the shrinkage rate slowed down and oscillate in the range 0-9 µm/min. At T > 1300 °C cessation of shrinkage due to the formation of intermediate phases TixSix formed ternary carbide Ti3SiC2 due to the interaction with Ti5Si3 TiC. The final product of the sintering mixture is a composite material TiC/SiC/Ti3SiC2. The activation energy of sintering from the usual exponential Arrhenius equation was calculated from the graphical dependences ln (ΔL/L0) = f(1/T) for the characteristic temperature ranges 300-650, 650-850, 850-1000, 1000-1200 °C. Low values of the activation energy during sintering are due to a large number of active grain boundaries and other defects in the crystal structure Keywords: mechanical activation, sintering, thermodilatometry analysis, shrinkage, activation energy, mechanisms of consolidation, phase transformations, titanium carbide, silicon carbide, titanium silicon carbide, intermediate phases. Authors:
Andrei A. Smetkin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Materials, Technologies and Designing of Machines, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e-mail: solid@pm.pstu.ac.ru. Maksim N. Kachenyuk (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Materials, Technologies and Designing of Machines, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; å-mail: max@pm.pstu.ru. Viktor G. Gilev (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Centre of Powder Materials Science, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; å-mail: xray@pm.pstu.ac.ru. References: 1. Kiparisov S.S., Levinskii Iu.V., Petrov A.P. Karbid titana: poluchenie, svoistva, primenenie [Carbide of the titan: receiving, properties, application]. Moscow: Metallurgiia, 1987, 216 p. 2. Babich B.N., Vershinina E.V., Glebov V.A. 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In this work the structure, elemental and phase composition of the diamond-matrix transition zone of a diamond tool for dressing abrasive wheels, fabricated using a new hybrid technology were studied. The hybrid technology consists in combining processes of diamond thermal Keywords: natural diamond, diamond tool, metal-matrix composite, carbide matrix, diamond metallization, metal-carbide coating, sintering with impregnation, transition zone, diamond retention, specific productivity of the tool. Authors:
Petr P. Sharin (Yakutsk, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Physics-Mathtmatics Sciences, Leading researcher, department of materials and technology physics and chemistry, Insitute of physical and technical problems of the North named after V.P. Larionov of Sibirian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences; e-mail: psharin1960@mail.ru. Mariya P. Akimova (Yakutsk, Russian Federation) – Postgraduate student, department of the materials and technology physics and chemistry, Insitute of physical and technical problems of the North named after V.P. Larionov of Sibirian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences; e-mail: Mar1ya_ak1mova@mail.ru. References: 1. Tönshoff H.K., Hillmann-Apmann H., Asche J. 2. Bakul' V.N., Nikitin Iu.I., Vernik E.B., Selekh V.F. Osnovy proektirovaniia i tekhnologiia izgotovleniia abrazivnogo i almaznogo instrumenta [Fundamentals of design and manufacturing technology of abrasive and diamond tools]. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1975, 296 p. 3. 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OPTIMIZATION OF GEL-CASTING PARAMETERS IN AQUATIC “TITANIA - PVA” SOLUTIONS FOR 3D-PRINTING B.P. Mishchinov, I.R. Zigan′shin, S.E. Porozova Received: 16.10.2018 Received in revised form: 16.10.2018 Published: 20.12.2018 ![]() Abstract:
The research object in this article is 3D-printing as the most prospect branch among additive technologies. The purpose was to investigate if gel-casting slurries would be applicable to 3d-printig of ceramics and to define methods of control for the most important properties of slurries. Gel-casting is a process of ceramics creating with the usage of powder materials and polymer solutions (gelation agents) that form structuring grid (gelation process), and the process was used due to it’s prospects in acquiring durable samples. The “TiO2 – aquatic solution of PVA” slurries that had been tested previously were used in this work. As the means of viscosity control four additions to gelation agent were used, that are glycerol, propylene glycol, Tween 80 and polymethacrylate ammonium; 10 % (vol.) of each were used. During the research it was found out that there’s a property that affects 3D-printing the most – slurry drying rate. After multiple test it was found out that some suspensions can demonstrate “relaxing” effect after the delay by showing different viscosity at different delay times. Such result may tell us about the effect of gel-casting process, which is proved by further research. In this paper the importance of controlling methods combination for acquiring the best result is shown. The usage of a simple 3D-printer in this research allows us to tell about possibility to project the developed technology onto more complex systems of additive manufacturing. Slurries with Tween 80 and propylene glycol showed adequate fluidity, however further control of drying rate is required. Keywords: ceramics, gel-casting, additive technologies, 3d-printing, glycerol, propylene glycol, Tween 80, polymethacrylate ammonium, viscosity, fluidity. Authors:
Boris P. Mishchinov (Perm, Russian Federation) – postgraduate Student, Department of Machine Construction and Technologies of Material Processing, Perm Il'dar R. Zigan'shin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Assocciate Professor, Department of Machine Construction and Technologies of Material Processing, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e-mail: zigildar@yandex.ru. Svetlana E. Porozova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Assocciate Professor, Department of Machine Construction and Technologies of Material Processing, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e-mail: sw.porozova@yandex.ru. References: 1. 3D printed guns: The next John Moses browning will use GitHub. In Range TV. URL: https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=StafRn4mjj0 (accessed 6 August 2018). 2. Jianchao Zhang, Zhihong Yu. Overview of 3D print-ing technologies for reverse engineering product design. Autom. Contr. and Comp. Sci., 2016, vol. 50, no.2, pp. 91–97. DOI: 10.3103/S0146411616020073. 3. Ren X., Shao H., Lin T., Zheng H. 3D gel-printing – an additive manufacturing method for producingcomplex shape parts. Mater/ials and Design, 2016, vol. 101, 4. Ji L., Wang Ch., Wu W. Spheroidization by plasma processing and character-ization of stainless steel powder for 3d printing. The Miner., Metals & Mater. Soc. and ASM Int., 2017, vol. 48A, pp. 4831–4841. 5. Van Humbeeck Jan. Additive manufacturing of shape memory alloys. Shape Memory and Superelasticity, 2018, vol. 4. – P. 309–312. 6. Gozde S. Altug-Peduka, Savas Dilibalc. Characterization of Ni–Ti alloy powders for use in additive manufacturing. Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals, 2018, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 433–439. 7. Irfan Kaya, O*Mer Necati Cora, Dog An Acar. On the formability of ultrasonic additive manufac-tured Al–Ti laminated composites. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2018, vol. 49, iss. 10, pp. 5051–5064. 8. Zhenhui Ji, Dechao Zhao, Junjie Hao. 3D gel-printing of TiC-reinforced 316L stainless steel: influence of the printing parameters. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2018, vol. 27, iss. 10, pp. 1–11. 9. Zak C. Eckel, Chaoyin Zhou, John H. MartineAdditive manufacturing of polymer-derived ceramics. Science. 10. Peter Dorfinger, Jurgen Stampfl, Robert Liska. Toughening of photopolymers for stereolithography (SL). Materials Science Forum. July 2015, vol. 825–826, pp. 53–59. 11. Jurgen Stampfl, Hao-Chih Liu, Seo Woo Nam. Rapid prototyping and manufacturing by gelcasting of metallic and ceramic slurries. Materials Science and Engineering, 2002, A334, pp. 187–192. 12. Xu Guo. Gel casting of high strength ceramics. Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, 2011, 45 p. 13. Gales Francois. Method for gel casting bodies from ceramic glass or metal powder. European Publication Server. URL: http://www.epo.org/searching/free.html (accessed 6 January 2016). 14. Zhengchu Tan, Cristian Parisi, Lucy Di Silvio. Cryogenic 3D printing of super soft hydrogels. Scientific Reports, 2017, vol. 7, pp. 2045–2322. 15. Galip Sarper KOÇLAR. Gelcasting of alumina ce-ramics with gelatin and carrageenan gum and investigation of their mechanical properties. İzmir Institute of Technology, 2013, vol. 35, ðð. 1-60. 16. Mishchinov B.P., Porozova S.E. Formirovanie struktury materiala v protsesse gelevogo lit'ia nanopo-roshka dioksida titana [Formation of the structure of the material in the process of gel casting titanium dioxide nanopowder]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Mashinostroenie, materialovedenie, 2014, no. 3, pp. 37–42. 17. Mishchinov B.P., Porozova S.E. Optimizatsiia uslovii polucheniia poristoi keramiki gelevym lit'em submikronnogo poroshka dioksida titana [Optimization of conditions for obtaining porous ceramics by gel casting of submicron titanium dioxide powder]. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniia, 2015, no. 2. 18. Zigan'shin I.R. Poristye materialy na osnove dioksida tsirkoniia, dopirovannogo oksidami ittriia i tseriia 19. Boitsova A.A., Kondrasheva N.K. Rheological properties of hydrocarbon systems with a high content of res-ins and asphaltenes. Journal of Engineering Physics, 2018, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 1038–1046. 20. Gmeiner R., Deisinger U., Schönherr J., Lechner B., Detsch R., Boccaccini A.R., Stampf J. Additive manufacturing of bioactive glasses and sil-icate bioceramics. Journal of Ceramic Science and Technology, 2015, vol. 06(02), pp. 75–86. DOI: 10.4416/JCST2015-00001 TECHNOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS ABOUT LASER HEAT THREATMENS OF POWDER PSEUDO-ALLOY FEC1CU15 E.A. Morozov, S.A. Oglezneva Received: 23.10.2018 Received in revised form: 23.10.2018 Published: 20.12.2018 ![]() Abstract:
the purpose of the study is to improve the performance characteristics of powder pseudo-alloy materials using surface heat treatment. Such materials have unique properties, for example, self-lubrication under dry friction conditions, high thermal conductivity coefficient, and high electro-erosion resistance. The disadvantage of powder pseudo-alloys is their relatively low strength. The paper considers the method of surface hardening by high-energy treatment - laser radiation. The paper describes the method of experimental research, describes the method of obtaining powder material, its chemical composition, shows the equipment used. The results of studies of the microstructure and microhardness of the surface layer of steel-copper powder pseudo-alloy after laser heat treatment (LHT) of a continuous-wave fiber laser with a maximum power of 1 kW are given, LHT modes are indicated, the influence of LHT parameters on the characteristics of the hardened layer is evaluated, a nomogram is given for selection technological regimes of LHT (laser radiation power, beam diameter and speed of movement), allowing to obtain the required microhardness and depth of the hardened layer by specifying a certain power density value. The correctness of the appointment of technological regimes using nomograms verified by experimental studies. The distribution of microhardness over the depth of the hardened layer, as well as the dependence of the microhardness on the depth of the hardened zone in various LHT modes, is shown. It has been established that the microhardness of the surface layer after LHT reaches 900-1000 HV (67-69 HRC), which significantly exceeds the hardness values obtained by classical volumetric heat treatment (43-45 HRC), which is associated with higher heating and cooling rates when using laser radiation as a heat source. Keywords: laser heat treatment, hardening, fiber laser, continuous laser, laser beam diameter, power density, powder metallurgy, steel-copper pseudo-alloy, microstructure, microhardness, nomogram. Authors:
Evgeny A. Morozov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Senior Lecturer, Department of the Materials, Technologies and Design of Machines, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e-mail: morozov.laser@gmail.com. Svetlana A. Oglezneva (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of the Materials, Technologies and Design of Machines, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e-mail: director@pm.pstu.ac. ru. References: 1. Antsiferov V. N., Akimenko V. B., Grevnov L.M. Poroshkovye legirovannye stali [Powder alloy steels]. Moscow: Metallurgiia, 1991, 318 p. 2. Solov'eva E.V., Dovydenkov V.A. Svoistva materialov na osnove zheleza, poluchennykh infil'tratsiei, legirovannye NI i MO [Properties of iron-based infiltrated materials alloyed with NI and MO]. Sovremennoe materialovedenie: traditsii otechestvennykh nauchnykh shkol i innovatsionnyi podkhod: sbornik dokladov Vserossiiskoi molodezhnoi nauchno-tekhnicheskoi konferentsii. 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Izuchenie osobennostei formirovaniia struktury i svoistv poroshkovykh psevdosplavov na osnove medi, modifitsirovannykh dobavkami nanochastits ZNO i TIN / [Studying the features of the formation of the structure and properties of powder pseudo-alloys based on copper, modified by the addition of nanoparticles ZNO and TIN]. Izvestiia vuzov. Poroshkovaia metallurgiia i funktsional'nye pokrytiia, 2017, no. 4, pp. 19–28. 6. Privalova N.N., Alibekov S.Ia. Antifriktsionnyi material dlia podshipnikov skol'zheniia [Antifriction material for sliding bearings]. Rossiia v prostranstve global'nykh transformatsii: v fokuse nauk o cheloveke, obshchestve, prirode i tekhnike: materialy mezh-dunarodnoi mezhdistsiplinarnoi nauchnoi konferentsii. Ed. V.P. Shalaeva, 2016, pp. 342–344. 7. Shatsov A.A. Optimizatsiia sostava i rezhimov termoobrabotki kompozitsionnogo materiala stal'–med' [Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ñîñòàâà è ðåæèìîâ òåðìîîáðàáîòêè êîìïîçèöèîííîãî ìàòåðèàëà ñòàëü–ìåäü // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Öâåòíàÿ ìåòàëëóðãèÿ]. 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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 2015, vol. 10, no. 20, pp. 40861–40868. 20. Kraposhin B.C., Shakhlevich K.V., Biriukov V.P. Lazernoe rasplavlenie poverkhnosti lucha so skanirovaniem lucha [Laser melting of the surface of the beam with scanning the beam]. Metallovedenie i termicheskaia obrabotka metallov, 1988, no. 11, pp. 57–59. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POWDERS FORMED IN NI–FE–TI SYSTEMS WITH MECHANO-ACTIVATED SELF–PROPAGATING HIGH–TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS A.F. Ilyushchenko, A.I. Letsko, T.L. Talako, L.N. Dyachkova, N.M. Parnitsky Received: 19.10.2018 Received in revised form: 19.10.2018 Published: 20.12.2018 ![]() Abstract:
In the course of the study, the modes of obtaining composite powders of multiphase intermetallic compounds based on compositions were experimentally tested Ni–14wt.%Al + Fe–57wt.%Al and Ni–14wt.%Al + Ti–57.5wt.%Al in a planetary ball mill and their subsequent mixing on the process of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. It is shown that the optimal mode of mechanoactivation in the systems under consideration, which ensures the maximum completeness of the transformations to obtain the desired phase composition in composite powders, depends on the type of base and the aluminum content. It was established that the SHS compositions obtained during the synthesis process either almost completely inherit the structure after their mechanical activation in a planetary ball mill (Ni–14wt.%Al + Fe-57wt.%Al) or undergoing recrystallization in the synthesis process (Ni–14wt.%Al + Ti–57.5wt.%Al) form the TiNiAl2 ternary phase. Separate chemical elements were not detected in the synthesis product. The average particle size after grinding SVS powders in a planetary mill was 0.5-3.0 microns. The specific surface area of the SHS powder is 6.1 m2/g for the SHS composition by Ni–14wt.%Al + Fe–57wt.%Al and 4.0 m2/g – Ni–14wt.%Al + Ti–57,5wt.%Al; bulk density – 1131.9 kg/m3 and 1333.2 kg/m3, respectively. Keywords: nickel intermetallic compounds, iron intermetallic compounds, titanium intermetallic compounds, aluminides, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, composite powder, multiphase, two–phase intermetallic alloys, mechanically activated self–propagating high–temperature synthesis, grinding, technological properties of powders. Authors:
Alexander F. Ilyushchenko (Minsk, Republic of Belarus) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Director, Corresponding Member, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, State Prize Laureate of the Republic of Belarus, Honored Scientist of the Republic of Belarus, General director, state research and production association of powder metallurgy; e-mail: Alexil@mail.belpak.by. Andrey I. Letsko (Minsk, Republic of Belarus) – Head of the Laboratory of New Materials and Technologies, Institute of Powder Metallurgy named after O.V. Roman of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; e-mail: letsko@tut.by. Tatiana L. Talako (Minsk, Republic of Belarus) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Chief researcher, Institute of Powder Metallurgy named after Academician O.V. Roman of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; e-mail: talako@tut.by. Larisa N. Dyachkova (Minsk, Republic of Belarus) – Doctor of technical sciences, associate professor, Head of the laboratory of Composite Powder Materials, Institute of Powder Metallurgy named after O.V. Roman of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; e-mail: dyachkova@tut.by. Nikolai M. Parnitsky (Minsk, Republic of Belarus) – Junior Researcher, Institute of Powder Metallurgy named after O.V. Roman of the National academy of Sciences of Belarus; e-mail: skeyone@rambler.ru. References: 1. Grigor'eva T.F., Korchagin M.A., Barinova A.L., Liakhov N.Z. Vliianie mekhanokhimicheskoi aktivatsii na kontsentratsionnye granitsy samorasprostraniaiushchegosia vysokotemperaturnogo sinteza [The effect of mechanochemical activation on the concentration boundaries of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis]. Doklady Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, 1999, vol. 369, no. 3, pp. 345–347. 2. Merzhanov A.G. The Chemistry of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis II. 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Low temperature superplasticity in a TiAl alloy with a metastable microstructure. Scripta Materialia, 1997, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 773–779. 20. Hirabayashi Yotaro, Takeuchi Shinji, Hibino Atsu-shi Synthesized phases, microstructure and mechanical properties of TiAl base and Ni3AI base composite intermetallic compounds by two-step combustion synthesis. Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy, 2014, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 60–67. 21. Letsko A.I., Talako T.L., Parnitskii N.M. Issledovanie vliianiia predvaritel'noi mekhanicheskoi obrabotki na protsessy goreniia pri poluchenii intermetallidov na osnove nikelia, zheleza i titana pri SVS [Investigation of the effect of preliminary mechanical treatment on combustion processes in the preparation of intermetallides based on nickel, iron and titanium in SHS]. Poroshkovaia metallurgiia, 2016, iss. 39, pp. 100–113. ON TECHNOLOGY OF COPPER-CHROMIUM COMPOSITE FOR ELECTRODES OF HIGH-VOLTAGE VACUUM DEVICES V.A. Vasin, V.A. Nevrovsky, A.A. Smetkin, O.V. Somov Received: 26.09.2018 Received in revised form: 26.09.2018 Published: 20.12.2018 ![]() Abstract:
This paper presents the experience of developing the production technology of copper-chromium composite material, which is used for the manufacture of electrodes of high-voltage vacuum switching devices. The difficulties in creating such composites are related to the need to meet various and often mutually contradictory requirements for materials of contacts for switching current in vacuum. These materials must have high electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity; have high mechanical strength and hardness, both at room temperature and at elevated temperatures; to have a minimum tendency to welding and sticking in contact during the passage of a strong electric current; to contribute to the rapid recovery of the electrical strength of the vacuum gap after breaking the contact and quenching the vacuum arc. A comparison of the materials obtained by different technologies, in particular those obtained by sintering in a vacuum, in a reducing atmosphere and by electric arc melting, is presented. The specific resistance of composites was evaluated using a model of a two-component mixture of randomly distributed grains of components. Methods of powder metallurgy allow to obtain composite materials from such non-forming alloys of metals as copper and chromium, which best meet the requirements for electrical contacts of high-current vacuum equipment. Composites are produced by cold pressing of powder mixtures of electrolytic copper and aluminothermic chromium followed by sintering in vacuum. It have better electrical conductivity compared to the materials produced by electric arc melting. Developed in the Centre of Powder Material Science (Perm National Research Polytechnic University) copper-chromium composite Cu65Cr35 is used as billets for the contacts arc chambers series KDVK, KDVN etc. Keywords: mechanical activation, sintering, thermodilatometry analysis, shrinkage, activation energy, mechanisms of consolidation, phase transformations, titanium carbide, silicon carbide, titanium silicon carbide, intermediate phases. Authors:
Vladimir A. Vasin (Novyj Byt, Moscow region, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, General Director, NPP “Poligon-MT”; e-mail: info@polygon-mt.ru. Viktor A. Nevrovsky (Moscow, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Physics and Mathematics Sciences, Professor, Department of Testing and operation technology, Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University); å-mail: sanches0@mail.ru. Andrei A. Smetkin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Materials, Technologies and Designing of Machines, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e-mail: solid@pm.pstu.ac.ru. Oleg V. Somov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Centre of Powder Materials Science, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; å-mail: ovsomov@mail.ru. References: 1. Slade P.G. The vacuum interrupter: theory, design, and application. CRC Press, 2008, 528 p. 2. Dong S., Zhang C., Zhang L., Cai J., Lv P., Jin Y., Guan Q. Microstructure and properties of Cu–Cr powder metallurgical alloy induced by high-current pulsed electron beam. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, vol. 755, pp. 251–256. 3. Lahiri I., Bhargava S. Compaction and sintering re-sponse of mechanically alloyed Cu–Cr powder. Powder Technology, 2009, vol. 189, pp. 433–438. 4. Chai L.J., Zhou Z.M., Xiao Z.P., Tu J., Wang Y.P., Huang W.J. Evolution of surface microstructure of Cu–50Cr al-loy treated by high current pulsed electron beam. Science China Technological Sciences, 2015, vol. 58, pp. 462–469. 5. Szemkus S., Kempf B., Jahn S., Wiehl G., Heringhaus F., Rettenmayr M. Laser additive manufacturing of contact materials. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2018, vol. 252, pp. 612–617. 6. Papillon A., Missiaen J.-M, Chaix J.-M., Roure S., Schellekens H. Sintering mechanisms of Cu–Cr metallic composites. 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Properties of vacuum cast CuCr25 and CuCr25Te contact material. Trans. of Nonferrous Metals Soc. of China, 2009, vol. 19(2), pp. 444–447. 13. Papillon A., Missiaen J.-M., Chaix J.-M., Roure S., Schellekens H. Sintering mechanisms of Cu–Cr metallic composites. International Journal of Refract. Metals and Hard Mater., 2017, vol. 65, pp. 9–13. 14. Papillon A., Roure S., Schellekens H., Jean-Michel Missiaen. Investigation on the chemical reactions affecting the sinterability and oxide content of Cu–Cr composites during the solid state sintering process. Materials & Design, 2017, vol. 113, pp. 353–360. 15. Vasin V.A., Nevrovskii V.A. Voprosy tekhnologii izgotovleniia medno-khromovogo kontaktnogo materiala. Nauchnye trudy MATI, 2007, iss. 13(85), pp. 50–52. 16. Dul'nev G.I., Zarichniak Iu.P. Teploprovodnost' smesei i kompozitsionnykh materialov [Thermal conductivity of mixtures and composite materials]. Moscow: Energiia, 1979, 264 p. 17. Zhang Tie, He Junjia, Zan Jiyan. Electrical conduc-tivity of CuCr alloys. Proc. 19th Int. Symp, Disch. El. Insul. Vacuum, Xi’an., 2000, pp. 738–740. 18. Klinski-Wetzel K.V., Kowanda C., Heilmaier M., Mueller F.E.H. The influence of microstructural features on the electrical conductivity of solid phase sintered CuCr composites. Journal of Alloys and Comp., 2015, vol. 631, pp. 237–247. 19. Hauf U., Kauffmann A., Kauffmann-Weiss S., Feilbach A., Boening M., Mueller F.E.H., Hinrichsen V., Heilmaier M. Microstructure formation and resistivity change in CuCr during rapid solidification. Metals, 2017, vol. 7(11), pp. 478. 20. Antsiferov V.N., Vasin V.A., Nevrovskii V.A., Smetkin A.A. Medno-khromovyi kompozit dlia kontaktov vakuumnoi elektrokommutatsionnoi apparatury [Copper-chrome composite for contacts of vacuum electrocommutation equipment]. Teoriia i praktika tekhnologii proizvodstva izdelii iz kompozitsionnykh materialov i novykh metallicheskikh splavov: trudy 4-i Mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii. Moscow: Znanie, 2006, pp. 708–712. STUDY OF THE USE OF HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT IN THE PRODUCTION OF PROPPANTS FOR HYDRAULIC FRACTURING A.N. Yarmonov Received: 18.10.2018 Received in revised form: 18.10.2018 Published: 20.12.2018 ![]() Abstract:
In connection with a sharp decline in demand for alumina cements with a high content of binders produced by the Pashysky Metallurgical and Cement Plant, the possibility of using the product for the production of proppants for hydraulic fracturing was investigated in order to preserve the existing production volumes. Using a method of mechanical granulation of pre-modified and plasticized alumina raw materials with a high content of binders, a proppant with a low bulk density and a set of functional properties that meet the requirements of GOST R51761-2013 for medium and large depth wells was obtained. The modifier was selected and the optimal technological parameters were experimentally determined (modifier amount, granulation modes, roasting temperature) to obtain proppant based on alumina raw materials. In accordance with the requirements of GOST R51761-2013, the main functional properties of the obtained proppant were determined: bulk density, particle shape, crush resistance, chemical resistance and phase composition of the material obtained. Bulk density was determined by the gravimetric method. The parameters of the shape and size of the particles were examined on an optical microscope using the VideoTest-Structure image analysis program. The crush resistance was determined after loading and holding the sample on a hydraulic press with the subsequent determination of the number of destroyed particles. Chemical stability was determined by the change in mass after etching in standard etchants. The phase composition was determined using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray phase analysis. It has been established that after modifying and plasticizing the raw materials, it is possible to granulate the resulting mixture to obtain the desired shape and size, and to bake the obtained granules at lower temperatures to obtain the desired set of functional properties. Keywords: hydraulic fracturing (fracturing), proppant, alumina raw materials, modification, plasticization, mechanical granulation, sintering, roundness, sphericity, chemical resistance, strength, phase composition. Authors:
Andrei N. Yarmonov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Materials, Technologies and Designing of Machines, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e-mail: yarmonov@pm.pstu.ac.ru. References: 1. Ferrero Silva Kh.R. (VE), Pershikova E.M (RU) Propant, sposob ego polucheniia i sposob gidrav-licheskogo razryva plasta s ispol'zovaniem poluchennogo propanta [Proppant, method of its production and method of hydraulic fracturing using the obtained proppant]. Patent Rossiiskaia Federatsiia no. 2383578 (2010). 2. Emmanuel d’Huteau, M. Gillard, M. Miller, A. Peña, J. Johnson, M. Turner, O. Medvedev, T. Rhein, D. Willberg. Open-channel fracturing. A Fast Track to 3. Kudriashov S.I., Bachin S.I., Afanas'ev I.S., Latynov A.R., Sveshnikov A.V., Usmanov T.S., Pasynkov A.G., Nikitin A.N. Gidrorazryv plasta kak sposob razrabotki nizkopronitsaemykh kollektorov [Hydraulic fracturing as a way to develop low-permeability reservoirs]. Neftianoe khoziaistvo. 2005, no. 3, 80 p. 4. Deviashina L.P. Aliumosilikatnye keramicheskie propanty na osnove glinosoderzhashchego syr'ia [Aluminosilicate ceramic proppants based on clay-containing raw materials]. Abstract Ph. D. thesis. Tomsk, 2017, 191 p. 5. Reshetova A.A. Tekhnologiia silikatnykh i tugo-plavkikh nemetallicheskikh materialov. Keramicheskie pro-panty na osnove prirodnogo aliumosilikatnogo syr'ia [Technology of silicate and refractory non-metallic materials. Ceramic proppants based on natural aluminosilicate raw materials]. Abstract Ph. D. thesis. Tomsk, 2009, 20 p. 6. Hellmann J.R., Scheetz B.E., Luscher W.G., Hartwich D.G., Koseski R.P. Proppants for shale gas and oil recovery: engineering ceramics for stimulation of unconventional energy resources. Bull. of the American Ceramic Soc., 2014, vol. 93(1), pp. 28–35. 7. Feng Liang, Mohammed Sayed, Ghaithan A. Al-Muntasheri, Frank F. Chang, Leiming Li. A comprehensive review on proppant technologies. Petroleum., 2016, no. 2, pp. 26–39. 8. Montgomery C.T., Smith M.B. Hydraulic fracturing. History of an enduring technology. Journal Pet. Technology. December 2010, pp. 26–41. 9. Zoveidavianpoor M., Gharibi A. Application of pol-ymers for coating of proppant in hydraulic fraturing of subter-raneous formations: a comprehensive review. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2015, vol. 24, pp. 197–209. 10. Boyun Guo, Xinghui Liu, Xuehao Tan. Petroleum production engineering. Gulf Professional Publishing, 2017, 750 p. 11. Ottestad E. Proppants, properties and requirement. NTNU, 2013. 12. Peichev V.G. (RU), Pliner S.Iu. (RU), Shmot'ev S.F. (RU), Sychev V.M. (RU). Cposob izgotovleniia magniisilikatnogo propanta i propant [The method of manufacturing magnesium silicate proppant and proppant]. Patent Rossiskaia Federatsiia no. 2476478; (2011). 13. Mozhzherin V.A. (RU), Sakulin V.Ia. (RU), 14. Toniolo N., Romero A.R., Marangoni M., Binhussain M., Boccaccini A.R., Bernardo E. Glass-ceramic 15. Lobovikov D.V., Matygullina E.V. Poluchenie kompozitsionnykh granulirovannykh materialov v plane-tarnom granuliatore [Production of composite granular materials in a planetary granulator]. Perm': Izdatelstvo Permskogo gosudarstvtnnogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2008, 153 p. 16. Gosudarstvennyi reestr 32099-12: Spektrometry 17. Ermakov S.S., Viaznikov N.F. Poroshkovye stali i izdeliia [Powder steel and products]. Leningrad: Mashinostroenie, 1990, 319 p. 18. Anorthite R060082. Data-base of Raman spectroscopy. URL: http://rruff.info (accessed 15 June 2018). 19. Dickite R060298. Database of Raman spectroscopy. URL: http://rruff.info (accessed 15 June 2018). 20. Tridymite R040143. Data-base of Raman spectroscopy. URL: http://rruff.info (accessed 15 June 2018). RESEARCH OF THE EFFECT OF RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS ON CERAMIC MATERIALS BASED ON ZRB2 - SIC (20 VOL. %), OBTAINED BY SPARK PLASMA SINTER V.B. Kul¬metyeva, S.E. Porozova, V.E. Chuvashov, M.P. Yaburov Received: 22.10.2018 Received in revised form: 22.10.2018 Published: 20.12.2018 ![]() Abstract:
The distinctive ability of ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UVTK) is its ability to be exposed to prolonged exposure to oxidizing environments at temperatures up to 2000 °C, without losing its strength characteristics. It is this property that makes this type of material promising for use in the aerospace and energy industries. One of the most well-known ultra-high-temperature materials are borides based on zirconium and hafnium, dispersion strengthened by particles of silicon carbide and refractory compounds (silicides, carbides, nitrides). At the moment, zirconium diboride is one of the most well-known materials among ultrahigh-temperature ceramics due to its high melting point (3245 °C), high thermal conductivity, good heat resistance, low thermal expansion coefficient, retention of strength at elevated temperatures and stability in extreme environments. In this work, the effect of rare-earth elements on the sintering processes of materials based on ZrB2 - SiC (20 vol.%) Obtained by the method of plasma spark sintering is investigated. Composite ceramic materials based on ZrB2 - 20 vol.% Were obtained at the plasma spark sintering unit at a temperature of 1700 °C. % SiC with the addition of oxides of rare earth elements, the content of which ranged from 0 to 5 vol. %. The isothermal holding time was 3–5 min, the pressing pressure was 30 MPa. It is established that an increase in the time of isothermal exposure leads to a decrease in porosity. The influence of the content of oxides of rare-earth elements on the compaction processes during sintering of ultra-high-temperature ZrB2-SiC-based ceramics, the microstructure and the phase composition is investigated. Keywords: zirconium diboride, silicon carbide, oxides of rare-earth elements, spark plasma sintering, ultra-high-temperature ceramics, Authors:
Valentina B. Kulmetyeva (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Materials, technologies and construction machinery, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e-mail: keramik@pm.pstu.ac.ru. Svetlana E. Porozova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Materials, technologies and construction machinery, Vyacheslav E. Chuvashov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Postgraduate Student, Department of Materials, technologies and construction machinery, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e-mail: slavachuvashov@yandex.ru. Maxim P. Yaburov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Student, Department of Materials, technologies and construction machinery, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; e-mail: keramik@pm.pstu.ac.ru. References: 1. Grigor'ev O.N., Frolov G.A., Evdokimenko Iu.I. 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Sciti D., Silvestroni L., Bellosi A. Fabrication and properties of HfB2-MoSi2 composites produced by hot pressing, pressureless sintering and spark plasma sintering. Journal Mater. Res., 2006, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1460–1466. 13. Perevislov S.N., Nesmelov D.D., Tomkovich M.V. Poluchenie materialov na osnove SiC i Si3N4 metodom vysokoimpul'snogo plazmennogo spekaniia [Production of materials based on SiC and Si3N4 by the method of high-pulse plasma sintering]. Fizika tverdogo tela Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo universiteta imeni N.I. Lobachevskogo, 2013, no. 2(2), pp. 107–114. 14. Dustin M. Hurbert, Dontao Jiang, Dina V. DudinThe synthesis and consolidation of hard materials by spark plasma sintering. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2009, vol. 27, iss. 2, pp. 367–375. 15. Gasch M.J., Ellerby D.T., Johnson S.M. Ultra High Temperature Ceramic Composites. Handbook of Ceramic Composites (Ed.: N.P. Bansal), Kluver Academic Publishers, NY, USA, 2005, pp. 197–224. 16. 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Effect of rare earth oxides on sintering behavior and microstructure of ZrB2-SiC ceramics. Key Engineering Materials, 2008, vol. 368–372, pp. 1740–1742. 21. Guo W.-M., Vleugels J., Zhang G.-J., Wang P.-L., O.V. der Biest. Effects of Re2O3 (Re = La, Nd, Y and Yb) addition in hot-pressed ZrB2–SiC ceramics. Journal of the European Ceramic Societ, 2009, vol. 29, iss.14, pp. 3063–3068. 22. Liamin Iu.B., Poilov V.Z., Priamilova E.N., Zhakova O.V. Poluchenie ul'travysokotemperaturnykh materialov spekaniem kompozitsii na osnove boridov tsirkoniia i gafniia [Preparation of ultra-high-temperature materials by sintering compositions based on borides of zirconium and hafnium]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Mashinostroenie, materialovedenie., 2016, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 147–159.
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