This paper discusses the possibility of using unconventional feed additives for microalgae of the genus Chlorella and chitosan for small and cattle and poultry. A balanced diet can reduce morbidity, increase weight gain, increase milk yield and improve the quality of life of farm animals.

The use of microalgae of the genus Chlorella allows you to enrich the diet of farm animals with a number of useful components, such as proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, vitamins and trace elements. Chitosan, in turn, has antimicrobial, immune­modulatory and wound healing properties.

The article proposes to use the native biomass of the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana and the residual biomass to obtain a feed additive.

Biomass cultivation was carried out under the following conditions: optimal illumination intensity – 2500±300 Lx, temperature for biomass growth – 28±2 ° С, medium acidity is 8.0±0.5 units. pH, cultivation time 8-10 days.

After the extraction of the lipid complex from the biomass of microalgae C. sorokiniana, a whole spectrum of valuable components remains, which can be used to enrich the feed additive. Chitosan serves a dual function as a binder for the formation of granules and a number of beneficial properties.

Granulation of the feed additive is carried out by the drop-by-drop method, by dissolving chitosan in acetic acid and followed by mixing with microalgae biomass. To form granules, the mixture is introduced dropwise into a solution of 5% alkali. It is proposed to produce 2 types of granules based on the native and residual biomass of the microalga C. sorokiniana.

The resulting granules are small and can be used for introducing into the diet of both large and small farm animals, as well as a food element for birds.

Keywords: biomass of microalgae C. sorokiniana, chitosan, feed additive, granulation, valuable components.

Yuliya A. Smyatskaya (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Institute of Civil Engineering (29, Politechnical., St. Petersburg, 194064; e-mail: Makarovayulia169@mail.ru).

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2. Egorov I.A. Sheviakov A.N. Kontrol' za kachestvom kormleniia ptitsy [Control over the quality of poultry feeding]. V Mezhdunarodnyi veterinarnyi kongress po ptitsevodstvu. Moscow, 2009, pp. 38-44.

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4. Tairova A.R., Samuilenko A.Ya., Albulov A.I. Toksikologicheskaia otsenka khitozana iz pantsiria kamchatskogo kraba [Toxicological evaluation of chitosan from the shell of the king crab]. Doklady RASKhN. 2002, no. 1, pp. 40-41.

5. Filimonova I., Popova L., Erigina R. Khitozan v kormlenii nesushek [Chitosan in feeding hens]. Ptitsevodstvo. 2007, no. 3, pp. 10-11.

6. Vakhramova O.G, Ovcharenko E.V., Verotchenko M.N. Ekologicheskie i produktivnye aspekty vliianiia razlichnykh form khitozana na organizm kur-nesushek [Ecological and productive aspects of the influence of various forms of chitosan on the body of laying hens]. Izvestiia TSKhA, 2008, Ser.3, pp. 118-125.

7. Yudin M.F., Yudina H.A. Vliianie khitozana na molochnuiu produktiv­nost' korov i sostav moloka [The effect of chitosan on milk production of cows and milk composition]. Izvestiia Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2012, no. 5, pp. 124-126.

8. Politaeva N.A., Smiatskaia Yu.A., Kuznetsova T.A., Ol'shanskaia L.N., Valiev R.Sh. Kul'tivirovanie i ispol'zovanie mikrovodoroslei Chlorella i vysshikh vodnykh rastenii riaska Lemna [Cultivation and use of microalgae Chlorella and higher aquatic plants Lemna duckweed]. Saratov, Nauka, 2017, 125 p.

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11. Chervanev V.A., Tarasenko P.A., Petrova Zh.G. Khlorella – novyi uroven' povysheniia vozmozhnostei zhivotnovodstva [Chlorella – the next level of raising livestock opportunities]. Svinovodstvo, 2011, no. 1, pp. 38–40.

12. Mukhanov N. B., Shorabaev E. Zh., Dastanova Zh. K. Vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniia biomassy khlorelly v kormlenii sel'skokhoziaistvennykh zhivotnykh [Possibilities of using chlorella biomass in feeding farm animals]. Molodoi uchenyi. 2015, no 7.2 (87.2), pp. 21-22. URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/87/17222/ (accessed 16.07.2020).

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15. Smiatskaia Yu.A., Politaeva N.A., Sobgaida V.S. Fotobioreaktory dlia kul'tivirovaniia mikrovodorosli Chlorella sorokiniana [Photobioreactors for the cultivation of the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana]. Vestnik Tekhnologicheskogo universiteta, 2018, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 224-227.

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17. Politaeva N.A., Smiatskaia Iu.A., Trukhina E.V. Sposob izvlecheniia lipidov iz mikrovodorosli [Method for extracting lipids from microalgae]. Patent Rossiiskaia Federatsiia no. 2694405 (2019).

18. Smiatskaia Yu.A. Otsenka toksichnosti ostatochnoi biomassy mikro­vo­do­rosli Chlorella sorokiniana [Evaluation of the toxicity of the residual biomass of the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana]. Butlerovskie soobshcheniia, 2019, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 92-98.

19. Taranovskaia E.A., Sobgaida N.A., Markina D.V. Tekhnologiia polucheniia i ispol'zovaniia granulirovannykh sorbentov na osnove khitozana [Technology for the production and use of granular sorbents based on chitosan]. Khimicheskoe i neftegazovoe mashinostroenie, 2016, no. 5, pp. 42-44.

Deterioration of average urban ecological status and industrialization of food production entails increased need for additional diet fortification with biologically valuable components conveying profound physiological activity necessary for prevention of alimentary diseases. These minor biologically active substances (BAC) in the amount that does not exceed daily therapeutic dosage are used for maintaining functional stability of organ systems.

Special practical interest is directed to carotenoid pigments that are products of phototropic metabolism. Employment of carotenoids in functional food production is highly hampered by low bioavailability in native form. Thus, is it relevant to search for additional sources of carotenoids. Innovational products and additives, obtained from carotenoid-rich aquacultures, are considered prospective.

The given work is devoted to developing modes of directed cultivation of C. sorokiniana with the purpose of obtaining the biomass with high carotenoid content.

During the conducted study influence of a stress factor (hydrogen peroxide) and a growth stimulator (pyridoxine – vitamin B6) on accumulation of photosynthetic pigments by C. sorokiniana microalgae cells was elucidated in the framework of directed cultivation. Relation was revealed between active biomass accumulation and alkalization of the medium, as well as, oppositely, acidification during transition to stabilization growth phase. It was established that during the first 4 days combined treatment with hydrogen peroxide and pyridoxine does not drastically influence the biomass growth rate, but stimulates augmented accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in C. sorokiniana. It was identified that combined treatment entails ca. two-fold increase in contents of carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b, as compared to control. Pigment complex was obtained from microalgae biomass by extraction method employing ultrasound disintegration of C. sorokiniana cells, extract’s spectral characteristics were studied. Carotenoid concentrate was obtained for subsequent use in functional food production.

Keywords: microalgae С. sorokiniana, directed cultivation, hydrogen peroxide and pyridoxine, biomass growth rate, carotenoids.

Antonina N. Shlykova (Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation) – Bachelor at Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University (29, Polytechnicheskaya str., Saint-Petersburg, 195251, e-mail: shantonina@inbox.ru).

Aleksei A. Balabaev (Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate Student, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University (29, Polytechnicheskaya str., Saint-Petersburg, 195251, e-mail: lesha.all@mail.ru).

Elena V. Trukhina (Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation) – Postgraduate Student, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University (29, Polytechnicheskaya str., Saint-Petersburg, 195251, e-mail: trukhina_ev@spbstu.ru).

Julia G. Bazarnova (Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, director of Graduate School of Biotechnology and food industries at Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University (29, Polytechnicheskaya str., Saint-Petersburg, 195251, e-mail: jbazarnova@yandex.ru).

1. Shashkina М.Y., Shashkin P.N., Sergeev А.V. Karotinoidy kak osnova dlia sozdaniia lechebno-profilakticheskikh sredstv [Carotenoids as the basis for creating therapeutic treatments]. Rossiiskii bioterapevticheskii zhurnal, 2009, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 91-98.

2. Ladigin V.G. Puti biosinteza, lokalizatsiia, metabolizm i funktsii karotinoidov v khloroplastakh razlichnykh vidov vodoroslei [Biosynthetic pathways, localization, metabolism and function of carotenoids in chloroplasts in various algae species]. Federal'noe gosudarstvennoe biudzhetnoe uchrezhdenie nauki, Institut fundamental'nykh problem biologii, Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, Voprosy sovremennoi al'gologii, 2015, 87 p.

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4. Dimova O.V, Golovko Т.К. Fotosinteticheskie pigmenty: funktsionirovanie, ekologiia, biologicheskaia aktivnost' [Photosynthetic pigments: functioning, ecology, biological activity]. Izvestiia ufimskogo nauchnogo tsentra Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, 2018, no. 3, pp. 5–16.

5. Bazarnova J.G., Kuznetsova Т.А., Smyatskaya J.A. Sposob polucheniia pigmentnogo kompleksa iz biomassy odnokletochnykh vodoroslei roda Chlorella [Way to obtain pigment complex from biomass of single-cell algae Chlorella]. Patent Rossiiskaia Federatsiia no. 2695879 (2019).

6. Kuznetsova T.A., Nikitina M.S., Sevastyanova A.D. Directed cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana to increase carotenoid synthesis. Vestnik VGUIT. 2019, vol.81, no. 4, pp. 34-39. DOI: 10.20914/2310-1202-2019-4-34-39

7. Bazarnova J., Kuznetsova T., Aronova E., Popova L., Pochkaeva E. A method for obtaining plastid pigments from the biomass of Chlorella microalgae. Agronomy Research, 2020, 11 p., available at:https://agronomy.emu.ee/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AR2020_118_Bazarnova_V_doi_175.pdf#abstract-7807 (accessed 28 July 2020).

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9. Crofcheck C., Shea A. et. al. Influence of media composition on the growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus acutus utilized for CO2 mitigation. J Biochem Tech, 2012, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 589-594. DOI: 10.13031/2013.41734

10. Nayek S., Haque C.I., Nishika J., Suprakash R. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids from Commonly Grown Fern Species by Using Various Extracting Solvents. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2014, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 63–69. DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1340072

11. Shavirina O.B. Toksichnost' medi dlia kul'tury zelenoi vodorosli Scenedesmus quadricauda pri fluktuatsiiakh urovnia aktivnoi reaktsii sredy (pH) [Toxicity of copper for green algae culture Scenedesmus quadricauda during pH fluctuations]. Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal prikladnykh i fundamental'nykh issledovanii, 2016, no. 4, pp. 741-743.

12. Galitskaya, A.A. Ekologo-biokhimicheskaia adaptatsiia WOLFFIA ARRHIZA (L.) k abioticheskim i bioticheskim faktoram sredy [Ecological and biochemical adaptation WOLFFIA ARRHIZA (L.) to abiotic and biotic environmental factors]. Abstract of Ph. D. thesis. Saratov, 2012, 20 p.

13. Chelebieva Elina, Minyuk G.S., Drobetskaya I.V, Chubchikova I.N. Physiological and biochemical characteristics of Ettlia carotinosa Komárek 1989 (Chlorophyceae) under experimental stress condition. 2nd ed. Sevastopol, Marine Ecological journal, 2013, pp. 78-87.

14. Solovchenko, А.E. Physiology and Adaptive Significance of Secondary Carotenogenesis in Green Microalga. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, Moscow, 2013, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 1-13. DOI:10.1134/S1021443713010081

15. Farghl, A. A., Thiamine and Pyridoxine Alleviate Oxidative Damage by Copper Stress in Green Alga Chlorella vulgaris. Egypt. J. Microbiol, 2012, no. 47, pp. 97-110.

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17. Kuregyan, A.G. Spektrofotometriia v analize karotinoidov [Spectrophotometry in carotenoid analysis]. Pyatigorsk, Fundamental'nye issledovaniia, 2015, no. 2, part 23, pp. 5166-5172.

The paper presents materials on the chemical composition of the culture fluid of the Medusomyces Gisevi fungus, its effect on the human body, and assesses the safety of a biologically active supplement based on Medusomyces gisevi. The expediency of using zoogley as a promising raw material for creating a biologically active additive is experimentally and theoretically grounded.

A rational technology was developed for the production of a biologically active supplement containing the mycelium homogenisate of the fungus Medusomyces Gisevi. A dietary supplement was obtained by homogenizing the zoogley of the mycelium of the fungus Medusomyces Gisevi, followed by sonication and freeze drying. The standardization of the drug was carried out using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods.

The safety parameters of the obtained biologically active additives were studied. The acute toxicity of the lyophilized zoogley homogenizate of the mycelium of the mycelium of the fungus Medusomyces Gisevi was determined on certified sexually mature animals of both sexes – white CD-1 mice. When studying the toxicity of the course administration of the supplement, it was found that the general condition of the animals receiving the supplement at a dose of 500 mg/kg and in the control group of animals remained stable throughout the entire observation period.

A comparative assessment was made of the body weight of mice before administration and 14 days after administration of the dry homogenizate of the mycelium of the fungus Medusomyces Gisevi, the morphological parameters of the blood of mice treated with the supplement “BAA ChG-1” at a dose of 500 mg/kg were determined. It is concluded that there is no acute toxicity of the biologically active additive “BAA ChG-1”. A macroscopic examination of the organs revealed that the additive at a dose of 500 mg/kg affected the liver, causing its decrease, therefore, the mechanism of the effect of the additive on the liver requires further study.

Keywords: Medusomyces gisevi, biologically active supplement, acute toxicity, mice.

Larisa V. Volkova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: wolkowalw@mail.ru).

Anna A. Dulkevich (Perm, Russian Federation) – Student of the Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990).

Alena V. Semkova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Student of the Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: alen.petrukhina@yandex.ru).

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10. Iurkevich D.I., Kutyshenko V.P. Meduzomitset (Chainyi grib): nauchnaia istoriia, sostav, osobennosti fiziologii i metabolizma [Medusomycet (Kombucha): scientific history, composition, features of physiology and metabolism]. Biofizika, 2002, no.6, pp. 1116–1129.

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This work is devoted to the development of a biochemical method for concentrating mercury, isolated from technological streams and industrial wastewater to return it to the production cycle.

Heavy metals are extremely toxic in aqueous media, as they cause inhibition of living organisms at the molecular and cellular levels. One of the most dangerous heavy metals is mercury, which has a high dissolution rate in water.

The culture of Trichoderma harzianum is isolated, capable of sorption of mercury (II) ions. Its physical and morphological description was carried out, and sorption properties for the extraction of mercury ions from model solutions were investigated. It was shown that with a mercury content in the solution of 1.146 mg/dm3, its recovery rate was 78 %.

Sorption properties of active carbon layer of BAU-MF and KAU grades in dynamic conditions of sorption and desorption are studied. In the course of research, it was shown that the selected grades provide a degree of extraction of mercury from the purified solution of more than 99 %.

Sorption properties of biosorbents obtained by immobilizing micromycete cells on the surface of active carbons of BAU-MF and KAU brands under dynamic conditions were studied. It has been found that a biosorbent based on active BAU-MF coal exhibits a mercury absorption capacity of more than 90% than active BAU, and a biosorbent based on active KAU carbon exceeds the base by more than 60% in capacity.

The possibility of concentrating mercury in a solution by desorbing it from the surface of a biosorbent was investigated. A high degree of desorption of sorbed mercury (more than 99%) in a small volume of extractant is shown. The concentration of mercury in the solution can be increased by more than 10 times, which will allow returning mercury to the technological process and reducing its emissions to reservoirs.

Keywords: biosorbent, Hg2+ ions, immobilization, active carbon, Trichoderma harzianum.

Elena A. Farberova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor of Department Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: elenafarb@gmail.com).

Dmitry S. Shadrin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate Student of Department Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: sir.shadrindmitri@yandex.ru).

Nikolai B. Khodyashev (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Head of the Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: vvv@pstu.ru).

Elena A. Тingaeva (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor of Department Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: teengaeva@mail).

1. Aronbaev S.D. Biosorbcionnoe koncentrirovanie tyazhelyh metallov i radionuklidov mikroorganizmami i sorbentami na ih osnove. [Biosorption concentration of heavy metals and radionuclides by microorganisms and sorbents based on them]. Molodoj uchenyj, 2015, no. 24, pp. 31-50.

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15. Farberova E.A., Trapeznikova A.V., SHadrin D.S., Tin'gaeva E.A., Moreva A.M., KHramuhina A.S. Ochistka stochnyh vod ot rtuti uglerodnymi sorbentami. Vestnik PNIPU. Himicheskaya tekhnologiya i biotekhnologiya, 2019, no. 4, pp.46-61.

16. Farberova E.A., KHodyashev N.B., SHadrin D.S. Issledovanie sorbcionnyh svojstv aktivirovannyh uglej BAU MF i KAU pri ochistke vody ot ionov rtuti [Investigation of sorption properties of activated carbons BAU-MF and KAU during purification of water from mercury ions]. KHimiya. Ekologiya. Urbanistika: materialy Vseross. nauchno-prakt. konf/. Perm', 2020, pp. 206-210.

The paper deals with the impact on the physical and mechanical properties of vegetable plastics without resins (VP-WR) of copper sulfate (copper sulfate). It is suggested that copper sulfate can act in the process of formation of plant plastics and as a modifier, increasing the fluidity of the press material and thereby increasing the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting material, and as an antiseptic giving the resulting material bio-resistant properties. Experimental studies were carried out to obtain VP-WR based on wheat husk waste with the addition of a modifier in the form of copper sulfate. It is established that the use of copper sulfate by introducing it directly into the press composition leads to the improvement of physical and mechanical properties of VP-WR. Influence of copper sulfate at its surface treatment on physical and mechanical properties of VP-WR is considered. The use of copper sulfate as an impregnation liquid (antiseptic) physical and mechanical properties of plastics are deteriorating. The dynamics of changes in the physical and mechanical properties of VP-WR based on wheat husk when using copper sulfate in relation to the active soil within 3 weeks has been studied. It is established that the bioresistance is influenced by the way the antiseptic is injected into the plastic. High strength properties and water resistance after biodegradation tests have been revealed in VP-WR material based on wheat husk with addition of copper sulfate and subject to additional surface treatment with copper sulfate. This indirectly confirms the possible operation of VP-WR in areas subject to biological degradation only after appropriate antiseptic treatment. The obtained results of studies on the influence of copper sulfate provide the basis for special experiments aimed at developing methods of press material modification and antiseptic treatment of products based on VP-WR.

Keywords: vegetable plastic, wheat husks, copper sulfate, modifier, antiseptic, biostability.

Andrey V. Savinovskih (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of Department Technology pulp and paper industries and polymer processing, Ural State Forest Engineering University (37/5, Siberian tract str., Yekaterinburg, 620100; e-mail: savinovskihav@m.usfeu.ru).

Artyom V. Artyomov (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of Department Technology pulp and paper industries and polymer processing of Federal State Budget Education Institution of Higher Education «The Ural State Forest Engineering University» (37/5, Siberian tract str., Yekaterinburg, 620100; e-mail: artemovav@m.usfeu.ru).

Alexey E. Shkuro (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of Department Technology pulp and paper industries and polymer processing of Federal State Budget Education Institution of Higher Education «The Ural State Forest Engineering University» (37/5, Siberian tract str., Yekaterinburg, 620100; e-mail: shkuroae@m.usfeu.ru).

Victor G. Buryndin (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of Department Technology pulp and paper industries and polymer processing, Ural State Forest Engineering University (37/5, Siberian tract str., Yekaterinburg, 620100; e-mail: buryndinvg@m.usfeu.ru).

Anna S. Ershova (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate Student of Department of Technology pulp and paper industries and polymer processing, Ural State Forest Engineering University (37/5, Siberian tract str., Yekaterinburg, 620100; e-mail: ershovaas@m.usfeu.ru).

Alina A. Vasileva (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate Student of Department of chemical technology of wood, biotechnology and nanomaterials, Ural State Forest Engineering University (37/5, Siberian tract str., Yekaterinburg, 620100; e-mail: voyc_alina@mail.ru).

1. Krivonogov P.S. Poluchenie i svojstva novyh materialov na osnove lignocellyuloznyh agrarnyh othodov: avtoref. dis. … kand. tekhn. nauk (24.06.2020) / Krivonogov Pavel Sergeevich; UGLTU. Ekaterinburg, 2020. 19 p.

2. Vurasko A.V., Simonova E.I., Minakova A.R. Sorbtsionnye materialy na osnove tekhnicheskoi tselliulozy iz solomy i shelukhi risa [Sorption materials based on technical cellulose from straw and rice husks]. Izvestiia Sankt-Peterburgskoi lesotekhnicheskoi akademii, 2019, no. 226, pp. 139-154.

3. Susoeva I.V., Vakhnina T.N. Neispol'zuemye rastitel'nye otkhody i teploizoliatsionnye kompozitsionnye plity na ikh osnove [Unused plant waste and thermal insulating composite boards based on it]. Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Stroitel'stvo, 2019, no. 7 (727), pp. 49-59.

4. Shkuro A.E., Glukhikh V.V., Mukhin N.M. Poluchenie i izuchenie svoistv drevesno-polimernykh kompozitov s napolniteliami iz otkhodov rastitel'nogo proiskhozhdeniia [Receiving and studying the properties of wood-polymer composites with fillers from plant wastes]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta lesa – Lesnoi vestnik, 2016, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 101-105.

5. Savinovskikh A.V., Buryndin V.G., Stoianov O.V., Akhtiamova S.S., Maslennikova E.V. Zakonomernosti obrazovaniia rastitel'nykh plastikov na osnove shelukhi pshenitsy bez dobavleniia sviazuiushchikh [Vegetable plastic formation patterns based on the wheat husk without the addition of binders]. Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta, 2014, vol. 17, no. 13, pp. 231-233.

6. Artemov A.V., Buryndin V.G., Glukhikh V.V., Dediukhin V.G. Issledovanie fiziko-mekhanicheskikh svoistv drevesnykh plastikov, poluchennykh metodom ekstruzii [Study of physical and mechanical properties of wood plastics obtained by extrusion method]. Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Lesnoi zhurnal, 2009, no. 6, pp. 101-106.

7. Glukhikh V.V., Buryndin V.G., Artyemov A.V., Savinovskih A.V., Krivonogov P.S., Krivonogova A.S. Plastics: physical-and-mechanical properties and biodegradable potential. Foods and Raw Materials, 2000, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 149-154.

8. Savinovskikh A.V., Artemov A.V., Buryndin V.G. Vliianie modifikatorov na fiziko-mekhanicheskie svoistva drevesnykh plastikov bez dobavleniia sviazuiushchikh [Influence of modifiers on physical and mechanical properties of wood plastics without adding binders]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta lesa – Lesnoi vestnik, 2016, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 55-59.

9. Skurydin Iu.G., Skurydina E.M. Fiziko-mekhanicheskie kharakteristiki kompozitsionnykh materialov, poluchaemykh iz drevesiny berezy, gidrolizovannoi v prisutstvii organicheskikh kislot [Physical and mechanical characteristics of composite materials obtained from birch wood hydrolyzed in the presence of organic acids]. Sistemy. Metody. Tekhnologii, 2020, no. 1 (45), pp. 113-120.

10. Buryndin V.G., Bel'chinskaia L.I., Savinovskikh A.V., Artemov A.V., Krivonogov P.S. Izuchenie polucheniia drevesnykh i rastitel'nykh plastikov bez sviazuiushchikh v prisutstvii katalizatorov tipa polioksometallatov [Study of the production of binder-free wood and plant plastics in the presence of polyoxymetallate type catalysts]. Lesotekhnicheskii zhurnal, 2018, vol. 8,
no. 1 (29), pp. 128–134.

11. Minin A.N. Tekhnologiia p'ezotermoplastikov [Technology of piezothermoplastics]. Moscow, Lesnaia promyshlennost', 1965, 296 p.

12. Petri V.N. Plitnye materialy i izdeliia iz drevesiny i drugikh odresnevevshikh ostatkov bez dobavleniia sviazuiushchikh [Plastic materials and products made of wood and other dead-weight residues without the addition of binders]. Moscow, Lesnaia promyshlennost', 1976, 360 p.

13. Katrakov I.B. Drevesnye kompozitsionnye materialy bez sinteticheskikh sviazuiushchikh: monografiia [Wooden composite materials without synthetic binders: monograph]. Barnaul, Altaiskii universitet, 2012, 164 p.

14. Kazitsin S.N., Ermolin V.N., Baiandin M.A., Namiatov A.V. Razrabotka rezhimov goriachego pressovaniia plit bez sviazuiushchikh veshchestv iz mekhanoaktivirovannykh drevesnykh chastits [Development of modes of hot pressing of boards without binding agents from mechanically activated wood particles]. Khvoinye boreal'nye zony, 2016, vol.48, no. 5-6, pp. 315-318.

15. GOST 9.060-75. Edinaia sistema zashchity ot korrozii i stareniia (ESZKS). Tkani. Metod laboratornykh ispytanii na ustoichivost' k mikrobiologicheskomu razrusheniiu. Data vvedeniia: 01.01.1977.

16. Glukhikh V.V. Prikladnye nauchnye issledovaniia: uchebnik [Applied research: textbook]. Ekaterinburg, Ural'skii gosudarstvennyi lesotekhnicheskii universitet, 2016, 240 p.

17. Tekhnicheskie svojstva polimernyh materialov: Uchebno-spravochnoe posobie / V.K. Kryzhanovskij [i dr.] – SPb.: Izdatel'stvo «Professiya», 2003, 240 p.

18. Artemov A.V., Buryndin V.G., Dediukhin V.G., Glukhikh V.V. Zavisimost' prochnosti pri izgibe i vodopogloshcheniia ot plotnosti drevesnogo plastika bez sviazuiushchego [Dependence of bending strength and water absorption on the density of binder-free wood plastic]. Tekhnologiia drevesnykh plit i plastikov: Mezhvuz.sb, Ekaterinburg, Ural'skii gosudarstvennyi lesotekhnicheskii universitet, 2004, pp. 24-31.

This article presents the results of update an advanced process control system for a styrene rectification unit designed to separate the products of catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene.

The multi-parameter controller of this system consists of three subcontrollers for three distillation columns of the facility. For each of the subcontrollers, preliminary analysis was carried out with the identification of key problems of the current configuration of the system and possible ways to solve the tasks.

An example of a structural update of a distillation column subcontroller with introducing new control parameters into the control loop and changing internal dynamic relationships between variables in order to reduce the number of competing tasks in the operation of a multi-parameter controller and adjust the system to the current technological mode is considered. An example of stabilization of the temperature regime of a distillation column by introducing a combined reflux ratio which takes into the deviation of the current value from the set value in the automatic temperature control system of the condensed low-boiling component flow is considered. An example of the implementation of an algorithm for automatically adjusting the control circuit of a distillation column depending on the current technological mode is considered.

The described approach to solving the stabilization of the technological process as part of updating the advanced management system is standard and can be applied to production and installations of any type. However, the implemented solutions for updating the parameters, changing the structure of the controller and creating algorithms for automatically adjusting control circuits for the current technological mode are unique and are formed taking into account the technology, aggregating the experience of operational personnel and the features of the managed facility.

Keywords: Advanced Process Control, multiparameter controller, rectification.

Mikhail A. Rabotnikov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Expert, APC department, JSC "Sibur-Khimprom" (98, Promyshlennaia str., Perm, 614055; e-mail: rabotnikovma@shp.sibur.ru).

Aleksandr V. Tihomirov (Moscow, Russian Federation) – Expert of APC technical center, LTD "Sibur" (16, Krzhizhanovskogo str., Moscow, 117218;
e-mail: tihomirovalv@sibur.ru).

Il'ia A. Vialykh (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of Department of equipment and automation of chemical production, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: ilya.vyalyh@pstu.ru).

1. Fairuzov D.Kh., Bel'kov Yu.N., Kneller D.V., Torgashov A.Iu. Systems of advanced control of the unit of primary oil refining: the creation, implementation, maintenance. Industrial automation, 2013, no. 8, pp. 3-10.

2. Vladov R.A., Dozortsev V.M., Shaidullin R.A., Shunderiuk M.M. Practical aspects of the fourth industrial revolution. Industrial automation, 2017, no. 7, pp. 7-13.

3. Lehman Keight A. Implement Advanced Process Control. Chemical engineering progress, 2018, vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 60-66.

4. Kamalieva K.V., Kamaliev T.S., Dolganov A.V. Sistema usover­shen­stvovannogo upravlenija central'noj gazofrakcionirujushhej ustanovki [System of advanced control of central gas fractionation unit]. Vestnik tekhnologicheskogo universiteta, 2016, vol. 19, no. 24, pp. 106-108.

5. Rabotnikov M.A., Vialykh I.A., Nemtin A.M. Technical design advanced control system of the catalytic reforming unit. Bulletin of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University Electrotechnics, information technologies, control systems, 2019, no. 2, рр. 119-132.

6. Shumikhin A.G., Zorin M.P., Nemtin A.M., Plekhov V.G. Experience development of product quality virtual analysis for catalytic reforming of gasoline fractions and system of their adjustment real-time. Bulletin of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2017, no. 2, рр. 45-62.

7. Shumikhin A.G., Musatov D.A., Vlasov S.S., Nemtin A.M., Plekhov V.G. Experience developments and introduction advanced technological processes control oil refining based virtual quality anlysers. Bulletin of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2016, no. 2, рр. 39-53.

8. Hromov D.A., Kamaliev T.S., Dolganov A.V. Sistema usovershenstvo­vannogo upravleniia bloka fraktsionirovaniia ustanovki gidrokrekinga [Improved control system of hydrocracker fractionation unit]. Vestnik tekhnologicheskogo universiteta, 2018, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 174-177.

9. Tugashova L.A., Goncharov A.A. Management of oil rectification process by using of models of process and virtual analyzers. Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Neft' i gaz, 2018, no. 1, pp. 124-132.

10. Borisov A.V., Spiridonov A.V., Khamitov M.R., Ismakov I.Sh., Ryzhov D.A. Opyt vnedreniia sistemy usovershenstvovannogo upravleniia na proizvodstve olefinov EP‑360 [Experience of implementing an advanced process control system of the olefins production EP-360]. Industrial Automation, 2017, no. 8, pp. 46-50.

11. Bakhtadze N.A., Pototskii V.A. Contemporary methods of production process control. Control issues, 2009, no. 3, pp. 56-63.

12. Tarasov I.V., Popov N.A. Industry 4.0: production factories transformation Strategicheskie resheniia i risk-menedzhment, 2018, no. 3, pp. 38-53.

13. Shashkov V.B. Prikladnoi regressionnyi analiz. Mnogofaktornaia regressiia [Applied regression analysis. Multivariate regression]. GOU VPO OGU, 2003. 363 p.

14. Samoilov N.A., Mnushkin N.A., Mnushkina O.A. Osobennosti raboty reaktsionno-rektifikatsionnoi kolonny pri razlichnykh sposobakh vvoda syr'ia [Features of the operation of distillation column with various methods of inputting raw materials]. Zhurnal prikladnoi khimii, 2007, vol. 80, no. 7, pp. 1504-1510.

15. Volkov D.N., Vilkov G.G. Entropic modeling of complex distillation columns. Nauchno-tekhnicheskii vestnik Povolzh'ia, 2013, no. 5, pp. 134-139.

The problem of measuring the moisture content of potassium chloride in the range of values corresponding to the outlet zone in a fluidized bed (FB) dryer is considered. Resolving of this problem allows optimizing the supply of fuel gas to the FB dryer in order to improve the technical and economic performance of production. The analysis of literary sources on the methods of instrumental flow measurement of humidity with sufficient accuracy in the range of values of interest showed that the devices that implement them are expensive and difficult to use. Therefore, in the practice of industrial production, the determination of the moisture content of potassium chloride after drying is carried out by laboratory analysis of periodically taken samples. It is proposed to use a virtual analyzer (VA) as an alternative to hardware sensors for the task of continuous monitoring of the quality indicator. VA is a software algorithmic complex that implements a mathematical model of the relationship between the quality indicator and the current values of the measured technological parameters of the process.

It is proposed to use an analytical model (AM) based on the equations of the material and energy balance of the drying process and theoretical and empirical dependencies between the parameters of the drying process and the quality index of the product as potassium chloride moisture VA at the outlet of the FB dryer. An analytical model of the drying process in the fluidized bed dryer has been developed. The quality of the model was assessed on the basis of a real process data. The structure of KCL moisture VA at the outlet of the FB dryer includes an analytical model and statistical models built on the basis of methods of regression analysis, fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks. They act as expert models in the task of estimationof the moisture value. In addition, the structure includes models that take into account the dynamics of the technological process, as well as a selection block based on the results of evaluating the value of the moisture index by expert models. The developed analytical model is also proposed to be used in the formation of samples to train the statistical models as part of the proposed VA structure. When the VA is put in operation, the initialization of the expert models is carried out by training them on the results of predicting the moisture content by AM.

Keywords: potassium chloride, fluidized bed drying, analytical model of drying, virtual analyzer, experimental statistical models.

Roman Yu. Dadiomov (Perm, Russian Federation) – head of “Digital Enterprise” department, “Sputnic-2” LLC, e-mail: roman.dadiomov@sputnic2.ru

Aleksandr G. Shumikhin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Equipment and Automation of Chemical Production, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: atp@pstu.ru).

Dmitriy K. Kornilitsin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate Student, Department of Equipment and Automation of Chemical Production, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: kornilitsin.dima@mail.ru).

1. Sobina E.P. Issledovanie istochnikov neopredelennosti izmerenij vlazhnosti tverdyh veshhestv metodom IK-spektroskopii [Investigation of sources of uncertainty in measurements of moisture content of solids by IR spectroscopy]. Certified Reference Materials, 2007, no. 4, pp. 20-24.

2. Block B., Lipták B.G., Shinskey F.G. Instrument Engineer's Handbook. Process Control and Optimization, vol. II, Chapter 8.22: Dryer Controls. CRC Press, 2006, 2302 p.

3. Musaev A.A. Virtual'nye analizatory: kontseptsiia postroeniia i primeneniia v zadachakh upravleniia nepreryvnymi tekhnologicheskimi protsessami [Virtual analyzers: the concept of construction and application in the tasks of managing continuous technological process]. Journal Automation In Industry, 2003, no.8, pp. 28-33.

4. Shumikhin A.G., Zorin M.P., Nemtin A.M., Plekhov V.G. Opyt razrabotki sistemy virtual'nogo analiza pokazatelei kachestva produktov ustanovok kataliti­cheskogo riforminga benzinovykh fraktsii i sistemy ikh podstroiki v rezhime real'nogo vremeni [Experience in developing a system of virtual analysis of quality indicators of products of catalytic reforming units of gasoline fractions and a real-time adjustment system for them.]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledo­vatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Khimicheskaia tekhnologiia i bio­tekhno­logiia, 2017, no.2, pp. 45-62.

5. Gur'eva E.M., Ibatullin A.A. Virtual'nye analizatory kachestva v nefte­pere­rabotke [Мirtual quality analyzers in petrochemical refinery]. Avtomatizacija, mehatronika, informacionnye tehnologii, materialy VI mezhdunar. nauch.-tehn. internet-konf. molodyh uchenyh. Omsk, 2016, pp. 181-186.

6. Aleksandrov I.M. Postroenie virtual'nogo datchika na primere datchika koncentracii jetan-jetilenovoj kolonny [Building a virtual sensor using an example of a sensor ethane-ethylene column concentration]. Vestnik AGTA, 2011, no. 5, pp.45-51.

7. Tumanov N.A., Tumanov D.N., Chadaev V.M., Bahtadze N.N. Sistemy upravlenija kachestvom proizvodstva mineral'nyh udobrenij na osnove virtual'nyh analizatorov [Quality management systems for the production of mineral fertilizers based on virtual analyzers]. Journal Automation In Industry, 2003, no.8, pp.33-35

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9. Aleksanjan I.Ju., Titova L.M., Nugmanov A.H.-H. Modelirovanie processa sushki dispersnogo materiala v kipjashhem sloe [Simulation of the process of drying dispersed material in a fluidized bed]. Tehnika i tehnologija pishhevyh proizvodstv, 2014, no.3, pp. 96-102.

10. Ovchinnikov L.N. Modelirovanie processa sushki mineral'nyh udobrenij vo vzveshennom sloe [Modeling the process of drying mineral fertilizers in a fluidized bed]. Himija i himicheskaja tehnologija, 2009, no. 7, vol. 52, pp. 122-124.

11. Kaganovich Ju.Ja. Promyshlennoe obezvozhivanie v kipjashhem sloe [Industrial fluidized bed dewatering]. Moscow, Himija, 1990, p.144.

12. Aleksakhin S.V., Baldin A.V., Nikolaev A.B., Stroganov V.Iu. Priklad­noi statisticheskii analiz [Applied statistical analysis]. Moscow, 2001, 221 p.

13. Francisco Alexandre Andrade de Souza. Computational Intelligence Methodologies for Soft Sensors Development in Industrial Processes. Ph.D. theses, Coimbra, 2014, 184 p.

14. Francisco Souza, Rui Araújo. Mixture of partial least squares experts and application in prediction settings with multiple operating modes. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, January, 2014, vol. 130, pp.192-202.

15. Shumikhin A.G., Boiarshinova A.S. Primenenie neirosetevykh dinami­cheskikh modelei v zadache parametricheskoi identifikatsii tekhnologicheskogo ob"ekta v sostave sistemy upravleniia [Application of neural network dynamic models in the problem of parametric identification of a technological object as part of a control system]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Khimicheskaia tekhnologiia i biotekhnologiia, 2015, no. 3, pp. 21-38.

16. Shumikhin A.G., Boyarshinova A.S. Identification of a complex control object with frequency characteristics obtained experimentally with its dynamic neural network model. Automation and Remote Control, 2015, no. 4, pp. 650-657.

17. Shumikhin A.G., Aleksandrova A.S. Identifikatsiia upravliaemogo ob"ekta po chastotnym kharakteristikam, poluchennym eksperimental'no na neirosetevoi dinamicheskoi modeli sistemy upravleniia [Identification of a controlled object by frequency characteristics obtained experimentally with a neural network dynamic model of a control system]. Komp'juternye issledovanija I modelirovanie, 2017, no. 5, pp. 729-740.

18. Samotylova S.A., Torgashov A.Iu. Postroenie virtual'nogo analizatora protsessa rektifikatsii v usloviiakh maloi obuchaiushchei vyborki dannykh [Building a virtual analyzer of the rectification process under conditions of a small training data sample]. Matematicheskie metody v tehnike i tehnologijah: Sb. trudov mezhdunar. nauch. Konf, Saint Petersburg, 2019, pp.10-13.

During titanium alloys casting, a layer with a modified structure is forming onto the surface of the casting parts, which named as α-case. The presence of α-case onto the surface of the part is unacceptable. The exact reasons for the α-case formation are unknown, but it is believed that its presence is due to the interaction between metal and mold during casting, therefore for prevent of its formation, it is recommended to use a moulds with a low reactivity to titanium. The traditional method of moulds making with a specific face layer has a number of serious disadvantages. An alternative method is to create a face layer onto the inner surface of a mold by applying aluminum oxide and then impregnating it by thermally decomposing salts. In this case, a layer of aluminum oxide can be obtaining by alumina sol using.

The research results presented in the article were obtaining in two stages: the first stage – creating a defect–free layer of aluminum oxide onto the surface of casting ceramics, and the second stage – modifying the aluminum oxide layer by inert oxides adding into its volume. During of research, it was determined that before alumina sol solution deposition, the surface of the molds should be moistened and used alumina sol solutions should be diluted. Also is unacceptable to create a layer of aluminum oxide with maximum thickness due to its tendency to defects. During the modification of aluminum oxide coating, it was determined that both a solution of yttrium nitrate and lanthanum nitrate can be used for aluminum oxide impregnation, however the lanthanum nitrate is preferable, because of it leads to a greater surface concentration of lanthanum oxide in the aluminum oxide coating. At the same time, the concentration of oxides in the surface layer practically does not depend on the conditions for aluminum oxide coating creating at the first stage, therefore should be use a method that allows to create a aluminum oxide coating from alumina sol with a minimum number of defects.

Keywords: titanium alloys casting, α-case, alumina sol, alumina oxide, yttrium oxide, lanthanum oxide, deposition.

Anastasia V. Tiunova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate Student of the Department of Chemical Technologies, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, e-mail: AnastasiaTiunova@mail.ru).

Dmitry V. Saulin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Chemical Technologies, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990,
e-mail: sdv_perm@mail.ru).

1. Lamzina I.V., Tarasov A.P., ZHeltobryuhov V.F. Razrabotka tekhnologii processa nejtralizacii travil'nyh rastvorov metallurgicheskih proizvodstv [Development of technology for the process of neutralization of pickling solution of metallurgical production]. Vestnik BGU, 2016, no. 4, pp.9-15.

2. Bibikov E. L., Ilyin A. A. Lit'e titanovykh splavov [Casting of titanium alloys]. Moscow, Alfa-M, 2014, 314 p.

3. Si-Young Sung1, Beom-Suck Han1, Young-Jig Kim. Formation of Alpha Case Mechanism on Titanium Investment Cast Parts. Titanium Alloys – Towards Achieving Enhanced Properties for Diversified Applications, 2012, InTech, pp. 29-42.

4. Nikitchenko M.N., Semukov A.S., Saulin D.V., Yaburov A.Yu. Izuchenie termodinamicheskoi vozmozhnosti vzaimodeistviia materialov lit'evoi formy s metallom pri lit'e titanovykh splavov [Study of thermodynamic possibility of interaction of cast form materials with metal during casting of titanium alloys]. Vestnik PNIPU. Himicheskaja tehnologija i biotehnologija, 2017, no. 4, pp. 249-263.

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The demand for methanol, as well as its production, increases every year. Now there are plans to build plants with a capacity of 10,000 tons per day. Of course, this is due to the wide demand for methyl alcohol, which has found application in the organic synthesis of various compounds. When using natural gas as a raw material, the cheapest methanol is obtained. Typical methanol production is a complex "organism" consisting of various blocks.

The synthesis stage directly depends on the performance of methanol production plants, so its modernization is relevant.

The main directions of improving the synthesis stage in the production of methanol are the modernization of heat exchange processes and equipment, as well as the use of more modern reactors that support the isothermal mode.

The use of reactors operating in isothermal mode is relevant today. This design of the device provides the most effective contact between the gas and the catalyst due to the distribution devices, and contributes to maintaining an optimal temperature due to cooling bypasses.

The methanol synthesis reaction is exothermic, using a low-temperature catalyst. This leads to difficulties in maintaining the temperature regime and expediency of heat removal from the column.

Another area of modernization is the need to cool gas flows in order to condense raw methanol after the synthesis stage. Currently, more efficient air-cooling condensers are widely used in large methanol synthesis plants. Their design, rational cooling air supply system, and high transfer rates of heat carriers ensure efficiency, compactness and low metal consumption.

An important "place" is the separation of raw methanol from the circulating gas, which is carried out in vertical or horizontal separators. It is very important to use modern devices of improved design, because the separation of the mixture occurs due to a sharp expansion (pressure reduction), reducing the speed of the gas flow and changing the direction at the entrance to the separator.

Modern developments use rational gas supply to the separation elements, aimed at reducing the entrainment of the absorbent with the drained gas, reducing the probability of mechanical impurities entering the mass-exchange absorption section together with the drained gas.

Keywords: methanol, methanol-raw, synthesis, catalyst, reactor, heat exchanger, gas, mode.

Aleksey A. Khazeev (Perm, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate Student of the Department of Chemical Technology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., 614990, Perm, e-mail: a.xazeev@mail.ru).

Maria V. Cherepanova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Chemical Technology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., 614990, Perm, e-mail: syromyatnikova.maria@yandex.ru).

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2. Khazeev A.A., Cherepanova M.V. Problemy uzla rektifikatsii metanola-syrtsa i puti ego modernizatsii [Problems of the methanol-raw rectification node and ways of its modernization]. Bulletin of the Perm national research polytechnic university. Chemical technology and bio technology, 2020, no. 1, pp. 80-98.
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11. Roberts P.M., Tararyshkin M.V. Krupnotonnazhnye metanol'nye agregaty – al'ternativnyi put' modernizatsii prirodnogo gaza [Large-scale methanol units – an alternative way to upgrade natural gas]. Creon Methanol Conference. Moscow, Johnson Matti Company, 2006, рр. 1-14.
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Mineral salts during transportation and storage require special conditions in order for the finished product to retain its properties for the consumer. The most important property of crystalline and granular mineral salts is flowability – the ability to flow freely under the action of gravitational forces. Under the action of large masses, the lower layers of salt are subject to compression, the number of interactions between particles increases, as a result of which the material is compacted and loses its flowability.

The use of conditioning additives in the fertilizer production process improves flowability and prevents particle adhesion. To reduce the caking of potassium chloride at the conditioning stage, an effective addition of potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) is used (HSC – potassium iron-sulphide).

However, HBC over time and depending on various environmental factors is subject to destruction. The destruction of HBC leads to a decrease in its amount by about 20% in the processed product and, as a result, a decrease in the anti-caking properties of this additive.

The use of ultrasonic influences has a significant effect on increasing the speed and efficiency of various processes. It is possible to accelerate the mixing of liquid immiscible phases, the destruction of aggregated particles, increasing the degree of dispersion of emulsions used at various stages of the manufacture of mineral fertilizers (potassium chloride, in particular). The use of ultrasound in various industries helps to facilitate the flow of certain processes and increases the quality of the resulting products.

This article presents possible ways to reduce the destruction of potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) and increase the flowability of potassium chloride using ultrasound as a way to increase the efficiency of the process of processing substances with surfactant solutions.

Keywords: caking, anti-caking agent, ultrasound, ultrasonic treatment, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium chloride.

Aleksey V. Chernyshev (Perm, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate Student of the Department of Chemical Technologies of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, e-mail: AlexCher-1997@yandex.ru).

Andrey N. Gallyamov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate Student of the Department of Chemical Technologies of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, e-mail: andrewg96@mail.ru).

Maria V. Cherepanova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Technologies, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990,
e-mail: syromyatnikova.maria@yandex.ru).

Olga A. Fedotova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Technologies, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, e-mail: chydinova.olga@rambler.ru).

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The conditions of chemical deposition of x-ray amorphous iron orthophosphate of FePO4∙2,5H2O composition and hydrothermal crystallization of FePO4∙2H2O having a monoclinic structure are presented. The process and products of thermal dehydration of FePO4∙2,5H2O and FePO4∙2H2O were studied. The dependence of the amount of water removed on the temperature and duration of dehydration of crystalline FePO4∙2H2O is established. The influence of temperature on the phase composition of heat treatment products is shown. The scheme of phase transformations occurring during heat treatment of hydrated iron phosphates is given. Temperature intervals of formation and formation of crystalline anhydrous iron phosphates with the structure of tridimite and quartz, which were used as a dispersed phase in electrorheological suspensions, were established. The electrorheological activity (ER-activity) of electrorheological suspensions (ERS) containing anhydrous iron phosphate with the structure of tridimite and quartz was studied. The dependence of the electrorheological activity of suspensions on the structure and dispersion of anhydrous iron phosphate, the duration of its formation at a given temperature, and the nature of the initial iron phosphate hydrate is shown. The conditions for obtaining anhydrous iron phosphate as an electrosensitive filler of ERS are studied. It is noted that the value of the shear stress (τ, Pa) at the electric field strength E = 4 mV/mm reaches 340 Pa for ERS based on tridymite-like iron phosphate obtained by heat treatment at 550 °C for 90 minutes.

Keywords: chemical precipitation, crystallization, hydrated iron orthophosphate, tridymite-like structure, quartz-like structure, anhydrous iron phosphate, thermal dehydration, phase composition, dispersion, filler, electrorheological suspension, electrorheological effect (ER-effect).

Lyudmila S. Eshchenko (Minsk, Republic of Belarus) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Technology of Inorganic Substances and General Chemical Technology, Belarusian State Technological University (13a, Sverdlova str., Minsk, 220006).

Aleh V. Paniatouski (Minsk, Republic of Belarus) – Undergraduate Student, Department of Technology of Inorganic Substances and General Chemical Technology, Belarusian State Technological University (13a, Sverdlova str., Minsk, 220006).

Ellada I. Vecherskaya (Minsk, Republic of Belarus) – Yunior Research Assistant, Head of the educational laboratory, Department of Technology of Inorganic Substances and General Chemical Technology, Belarusian State Technological University (13a, Sverdlova str., Minsk, 220006).

Evgeniya V. Korobko (Minsk, Republic of Belarus) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, head of the laboratory of rheophysics and macrokinetics, A.V. Lykov Institute of heat and mass transfer of the National Academy of Scien­ces of Belarus (15, P. Brovki str., Minsk, 220072).

Zoya A. Novikova (Minsk, Republic of Belarus) – Yunior Research Assistant, A.V. Lykov Institute of heat and mass transfer of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (15, P. Brovki str., Minsk, 220072).

1. Hao T. Electrorheological suspensions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2002, vol. 97, pp. 1–35.
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3. Korobko E.V., Bedik N.A., Eshchenko L.S. ER-Activity of suspensions based on hydrated metal oxides. Electro-Rheological Fluids and Magneto-Rheological Suspensions: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Electrorheological Fluids and Magnetorheological Suspensions. Philadelphia, USA, 2011, pp. 293–299.
4. Korobko E.V. Elektrostrukturirovannye (elektroreologicheskie) zhid­kosti: osobennosti gidromekhaniki i vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniia [Electrostructured (electrorheological) fluids: features of hydromechanics and possibilities of use] Minsk, 1996, 190 p.
5. Eshchenko L.S., Laevskaia E.V., Korobko E.V., Bedik N.A. Issledovanie vliianiia sostava gidratirovannykh oksidov khroma na ikh elektroreologicheskuiu aktivnost' [A study of the effect of the composition of hydrated chromium oxides on their electrorheological activity]. Colloid Journal, 2015, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 311–317.
6. Korobko E.V., Novikova Z.A., Sermyazhko E.S., Murashkevich A.N., Eshchenko L.S. Time stability studies of electrorheological response of dispersions with different types of charge carriers. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2015, vol. 26, no. 14, pp. 1782–1788.
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Magnesium oxide is one of the substances widely used in the production of ceramics, refractories, cements, catalysts, and fire retardant coatings. The quality of magnesium oxide is mainly determined by the chemical and dispersed compositions, depending on the production technology.

The method of chemical deposition, as the most common method for obtaining highly dispersed magnesium oxide, is characterized by a high controllability of the process, but has some disadvantages: the multistage and laboriousness of the stage of separating the precipitate from the liquid phase. The sol-gel technology makes it possible to obtain magnesium oxide with a particle size of 5-100 nm, but the high cost of reagents, the duration of the process, the laboriousness of the stage of separating the precipitate from the liquid phase and the multistage nature make this method expensive.

The method of thermal hydrolysis of magnesium salts allows you to get rid of the stage of separating ultrafine particles from the liquid phase and thus intensify and reduce the cost of the process of obtaining the finished product – magnesium oxide. And, despite the industrial implementation of this technology, the laws governing the formation of magnesium oxide particles remain poorly understood. Knowledge of such information allows better control of the thermohydrolysis process to obtain a product with specified characteristics. In this regard, the aim of the work was to identify the features of obtaining magnesium oxide particles by thermal hydrolysis of magnesium chloride solutions.

Using the method of thermal analysis, it was found that at different heating rates of a sample of magnesium chloride hexahydrate, the elimination of water during thermohydrolysis occurs according to different schemes. It is shown that thermohydrolysis of crystallized magnesium chloride proceeds through the stage of formation of crystals of various sizes, followed by their decomposition and the formation of amorphous particles of magnesium oxide of a flaky shape.

It was found by scanning electron microscopy that thermohydrolysis of a concentrated solution of magic chloride with an organic solvent on a platinum substrate in a separate drop and in thin films of the precursor. accompanied by the formation of nanoparticles 50-60 nm in size. The evolution of particles formed during the thermohydrolysis of magnesium chloride in the flow of combustion products of a mixture of hydrogen and air is shown.

Keywords: magnesium chloride, magnesium oxide, production, thermohydrolysis, nanoparticles.

Vladimir Z. Poilov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor, Department of Chemical Technologies, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: vladimirpoilov@mail.ru).

Aleksandr L. Kazantsev (Perm, Russian Federation) – Engineer, Department of Chemical Technologies, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: itilamid@rambler.ru).

Sergey A. Smirnov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Engineer, Department of Chemical Technologies, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: po4tamoia@mail.ru).

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This paper describes the issues of assessing the effectiveness of detergent compositions for cleaning aircraft parts from technological contaminants of various types. The article presents the results of cleaning parts with detergents of the "Ardrox" trademark at various process parameters. As a result of the studies, it was found that the most effective detergent for cleaning the alloy grade 12X2H4A-Sh from such contaminants as polishing paste, conservation oil K-17, Mobil Mobilmet 423 oil, quenching oil Vacuquench B244, SOZH-073 and emulsion for carrying out magnetic-luminescent control – the detergent Ardrox6378A is used. In this case, the worst cleaning proceeds from the K-17 conservation oil and polishing paste. It was also found that at a temperature of 25 ºС solutions Ardrox6378A are not able to wash the alloy sample neither from K-17 oil, nor from the paste in all intervals of the washing operation time. Washing of samples contaminated with K-17 conservation oil and polishing paste occurs only at elevated temperatures and a long process duration.

The use of ultrasonic treatment in the cleaning process improves the cleaning efficiency, reduces the temperature and duration of the process. Regression equations are obtained that describe the effect of temperature, concentration of detergent and duration of the process on the degree of cleaning of the surface of alloy samples, which is controlled using an IR Fourier spectrophotometer.

The results of presented studies show a high efficiency of removing pollutants with a water-based detergent Ardrox6378A, which will allow industrial enterprises to abandon the use of flammable solvents (petroleum oils, gasoline) and thereby increase labor safety.

Keywords: cleaning, detergent solution, contamination, cleaning of the metal surface.

Andrey G. Starostin (Perm, Russian Federation) - Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Chemical Technologies, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990;
e-mail: starostin26@yandex.ru).

Vladimir Z. Poilov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Chemical Technologies, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: Vladimirpoilov@mail.ru).

Svetlana V. Karmanova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Environmental Protection, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: Karmanovs@yandex.ru).

Anna A. Kotenko (Perm, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate Student of Department of Chemical Technologies, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: anna.kotenko.95@mail.ru).

Evgenii V. Lytkin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Undergraduate Student of Department of Chemical Technologies, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990; e-mail: lytkine@mail.ru).

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