In the article the construction of the first toll road in the Perm Territory is discussed. To assess the prospects for the implementation of this project, it is necessary to evaluate its commercial effectiveness. For this, the study was divided into two stages. At the first stage of the work, an appraisal was made of the appropriateness of the toll road construction to study the potential attractiveness of the project for investors. Two factors affect the cost of a toll road: fare size and traffic intensity. In order to identify the optimal fare for a toll road, a sociological survey was conducted. The savings in choosing a paid section for traffic compared to a free alternative route were determined for each car brand selected from the classification of vehicles. Visual recording of traffic on an alternative road allowed predicting the number of vehicles that will travel on a toll motorway. At the second stage of the study, it was determined how financing will be carried out, with or without investors. Initially, the commercial effectiveness of the construction of a toll highway without third-party capital was assessed, which allowed determining the attractiveness of this project for investors. Then, an assessment was made of the effectiveness of the construction of a toll road for all the participants of the investment and construction process, and a financing scheme for the road facility was developed. To achieve the goal of the study, several options for reducing costs and making profit were worked out in detail, for which a computer model was created in the Microsoft Excel software package.

Keywords: toll road, alternative travel, fares, toll collection points, road economy, commercial efficiency, computer model.

Vladislav I. Bryzgalov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Master Student, Department of Roads and Bridges, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: vladislavbryzgalov@mail.ru).

Marina O. Karpushko (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Roads and Bridges, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Fede­ration, e-mail: mkarpushko@gmail.com).

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21. Xiang He, Xiqun (Michael) Chen, Chenfeng Xiong, Zheng Zhu, Lei ZhangXiang He, Xiqun (Michael) Chen, Chenfeng Xiong, Zheng Zhu, Lei Zhang Optimal Time-Varying Pricing for Toll Roads Under Multiple Objectives: A Simulation-Based Optimization Approach // Transportation Science. 2017. Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 395-789.

The results of the survey of surface runoff quality of trucking companies with different technological processes are presented. Statistical treatment on the quality of wastewater and data on meteorological observations made it possible to obtain generalized results on pollution of surface wastewater of trucking companies of the city of St. Petersburg and Leningrad region with the identification of three characteristic categories. The results of operation of a treatment plant of standard design, made according to the recommendations of VNII VODGEO on multi-stage settling-filtering technology, after reconstruction with the introduction of the technology of biological destruction of contaminants, are presented.
According to the new biotechnology developed for reconstruction, a fibrous carrier with immobilized nitrogen-fixing associations of oil-oxidizing microorganisms was installed into the existing containers on the frames instead of filler filters. After such reconstruction, the filter containers were turned into a submersible biofilter. At the end of the settling tank, floating devices were placed on the surface of the water, which consisted of a fibrous carrier, on which nitrogen-fixing microorganisms – destructors of petroleum products were also immobilized, consisting of floats to which the fibrous carrier was attached. The analysis of the work of the reconstructed storm water treatment facilities showed that pollution of the wastewater is significantly lower than the standards for discharge into the sewerage network, and the efficiency of the process was, %: suspended solids – 99.4, oil products – 55.8, chemical oxygen demand – 94.3, nitrogen of ammonium salts – 83.6. When describing the patterns of biochemical processes occurring in biological loading systems, representations of classical enzymatic kinetics were used.

Keywords: trucking company, inspection, surface flow, wastewater pollution, reconstruction, immobilized microorganisms, fibrous carrier, enzymatic kinetics.

Irina I. Ivanenkо (St.-Peterburg, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associated Professor, Department of Water Use and Ecology, Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, Vtoraya Krasnoarmeiskaya st., Saint Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation, e-mail: i5657@mail.ru).

Maxim N. Verein (St.-Peterburg, Russian Federation) – Master 's Student, Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Deputy Chief Technologist of SGT of “LENOBLVODOKANAL” (4, Vtoraya Krasnoarmeiskaya st., Saint Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation).

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In the article the issue of adjusting the frequency of maintenance of passenger rolling stock on regional distribution routes is examined, since any trucking company for the efficient operation of rolling stock seeks to reduce the cost of its operation, and reducing costs while maintaining a given level of service is possible only if the rolling stock service technology is improved.

In the framework of the article, it was found that it is necessary to adjust the frequency of maintenance of passenger rolling stock during regional passenger traffic, and the options for adjusting the standards of frequency of maintenance of rolling stock were proposed taking into account regional factors. The studies were carried out by the example of motor transport enterprises of the Perm Territory: Krasnovishersk ATP (north of the Territory), MUE “Garage” and MUE “Avtotransportnik” (south of the Territory), since all the three motor transport enterprises are currently characterized by underutilization of the resource of the main components and assemblies of passenger rolling stock , in particular engines and gearboxes, as a result of which the hypothesis about the possibility of clarifying the operation factors introduced more than 30 years ago and up till now used by these motor transport enterprises, in accordance with the Regulations on the maintenance and repair of the road transport rolling stock.

As a criterion that will allow determining the need for adjustment, the method of evaluating the engine oil with the so called drip sample (according to the copyright certificate of Khmeleva and Pasechnikov) was chosen. As a result of the studies, the optimal frequency of maintenance of passenger rolling stock was found and recommendations were made on the frequency of maintenance of passenger rolling stock, taking into account the failures in all units.

Keywords: frequency of maintenance, operating conditions, influence factors, passenger rolling stock.

Pavel A. Kuznetsov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Finance, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: pk.pnrpu@gmail.com); Professor, Perm State Agrarian University of Technology named after Academician D.N. Pryanishnikov (23, Petropavlovskaya st., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation).

Alexander S. Vasenin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Master Student, Department of Automobiles and Technological Machines, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: vaseninalexandr@yandex.ru).

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An increase in traffic intensity and axle loads require the use of asphalt concrete with improved physical, mechanical and operational performance. The development of new compositions of asphalt concrete capable of withstanding increasing loads requires the study of structure-forming processes, especially those taking place at the boundary of bitumen with material. Laboratory studies were conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Roads and Bridges of Perm National Research Polytechnic University.

In the presented studies, quartz sand, spent molding sand and natural sand with the same fineness modulus were used as materials with different specific surfaces. At the first stage of the research, shape and structure of particle surface were determined. At the second stage, the indicators of physical and mechanical characteristics of asphalt concrete samples were determined. Three compositions of asphalt mixtures were used.

The obtained test data for asphalt concrete samples with different specific surface of fine aggregate, with the same fineness modulus, confirm the theory put forward by the authors of the interaction of organic binder with the surface of the particles of mineral aggregate. It is shown that mineral materials with a developed particle surface can be effectively used as modifiers of asphalt concrete mixtures with the achievement of specified values of physical and mechanical characteristics. A change in the specific surface area of mineral particles, with the same fineness modulus, can proportionally change the compressive strength for asphalt concrete obtained using bitumen.

The use of mineral materials with a high specific surface area of particles in the composition of the asphalt mixture allows obtaining asphalt concrete, which in its physical and mechanical properties satisfies increasing external loads.

Keywords: asphalt concrete, construction, physical and mechanical characteristics, spent molding sand, specific surface, building materials, motor road.

Konstantin G. Pugin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Automobiles and Technological Machines, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: 123zzz@rambler.ru), Professor, Department of Technical Service and Repair of Machines, Perm State Agrarian University of Technology named after Academician D.N. Pryanishnikov (23, Petropavlovskaya st., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation).

Kirill Y. Tyuryukhanov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Leading Engineer, Department of Highways and Bridges, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail:Turuchfnov.k.u@list.ru).

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2. Inozemtsev A.S., Korolev E.V., Zyong T.K. Vybor superabsorbiruiushchego polimernogo gidrogelia dlia tsementnykh sistem [The choice of superabsorbent polymer hydrogel for cement systemsv] Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel'stvo. 2019, no. 7, pp. 64–70.

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5. Erofeev V.T., Sal'nikova A.I. Issledovanie reologicheskikh svoistv modifitsirovannogo bituma [Investigation of the rheological properties of modified bitumen] Vestnik MGSU. 2016, no. 8, pp. 48–63.

6. Kotliarskii E.V., Kochnev V.I., Davliatova D.Iu.Avtomatizirovannoe proektirovanie asfal'tobetonnykh smesei s zadannymi svoistvami [Automated design of asphalt mixtures with desired properties] Nauka i tekhnika v dorozhnoi otrasli. 2015, no. 1 (71), pp. 27–29.

7. Weiguang Zhang. Effect of tack coat application on interlayer shear strength of asphalt pavement: A state–of–the–art review based on application in the United States // International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology. 2017, Vol. 10, Issue 5, pp. 434–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.07.003.

8. Inozemtsev S.S., Korolev E.V. Tekhniko-ekonomicheskaia effektivnost' primeneniia nanomodifitsirovannogo napolnitelia dlia asfal'tobetona [Technical and economic efficiency of the use of nanomodified filler for asphalt concrete] Vestnik MGSU. 2018, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 536–443.

9. Emel'ianycheva E.A., Abdullin A.I. Sposoby uluchsheniia adgezionnykh svoistv dorozhnykh bitumov k mineral'nym materialam [Ways to improve the adhesion properties of road bitumen to mineral materials] Vestnik Tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. 2013, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 198–204.

10. Junfeng Gao, Hainian Wang, Yin Bu, Zhanping You, Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan, Muhammad Irfan. Effects of coarse aggregate angularity on the microstructure of asphalt mixture // Construction and Building Materials. 2018, vol. 183, pp. 472–484, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.170.

11. Pengfei Liu, Jing Hu, Gustavo Canon Falla, Dawei Wang, Sabine Leischner, Markus Oeser. Primary investigation on the relationship between microstructural characteristics and the mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures with different compaction degrees // Construction and Building Materials. 2019, Vol. 223, pp. 784–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.039.

12. Iange Li, Peilong Li, Jinfei Su, Yu Xue, Wenyu Rao. Effect of aggregate contact characteristics on densification properties of asphalt mixture // Construction and Building Materials. 2019, vol. 204, рр. 691–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.023.

13. Dongliang Kuang, Ben Zhang, Yuan Jiao, Jianhong Fang, Huaxin Chen, Lu Wang. Impact of particle morphology on aggregate–asphalt interface behavior // Construction and Building Materials. 2017, vol. 132, рр. 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.132.

14. Tiuriukhanov K.Iu. Pugin K.G. Issledovanie vzaimodeistviia bituma s mineral'nymi chastitsami v asfal'tobetone [Investigation of the interaction of bitumen with mineral particles in asphalt concrete] Transportnye sooruzheniia, 2018, vol. 5, no. 1, р. 19

15. Vaisman Ia.I. Poluchenie ekologicheski bezopasnykh materialov na osnove otrabotannogo formovochnogo peska staleliteinogo proizvodstva [Obtaining environmentally friendly materials based on used foundry sand of steel production] Ia.I. Vaisman, K.G. Pugin, L.V. Rudakova, I.S. Glushankova, K.Iu. Tiuriukhanov Teoreticheskaia i prikladnaia ekologiia, 2018, no. 3, pp. 109–115.

The physiological capabilities of a man do not allow working with heavy equipment and units of transport and technological machines. Most loading and unloading operations during maintenance and repair work are not possible without using labor mechanization means. In the article a design of a hydraulic trolley is proposed, intended for loading and unloading during maintenance and repair of vehicles in hampered conditions of a small enterprise. The existing designs of lifting trolleys were examined. Based on the analysis of designs and technological capabilities, a number of shortcomings were identified which included: excessive length and, as a result, deterioration of maneuverability; excessive pickup height; lack of a retractable platform that allows loading; high price. Using computer programs, the design of lifting trolley was made. Lifting and lowering of the load-carrying platform is carried out using a hydraulic drive. Characteristics of lifting equipment are as follows: overall size (length, width, and lifting height) 0.9–0.65–0.8 m; carrying capacity 1000 kg; rise time 30 sec. In order to ensure safe and durable operation, recommendations were made for carrying out maintenance. Maintenance work does not require the intervention of highly qualified personnel. In the design standard products and easy to manufacture parts were used. All the components are produced domestically. This contributes to the utilization of capacities of machine-building enterprises of the Russian Federation, which allows implementing of the recommendations of the Government of the Russian Federation related to import substitution.

Keywords: trolley, hydraulic drive, car repair, maintenance, mechanization, lifting equipment, trucking company.

Konstantin G. Pugin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Automobiles and Technological Machines, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: 123zzz@rambler.ru), Professor, Department of Technical Service and Repair of Machines, Perm State Agrarian University of Technology named after Academician D.N. Pryanishnikov (23, Petropavlovskaya st., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation).

Daniil V. Vlasov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Student, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: 77599170297000@mail.ru).

1. Tojgambaev S.K. Telezhka s gidravlicheskim podemnikom dlja TO i remonta avtomobilej [Trolley with hydraulic lift for maintenance and repair of cars] Graduate Student and Applicant, 2012, no. 4, pp. 80-84.
2. Klychkov A.A. Sovremennye tendencii razvitija konstrukcij gidravlicheskih telezhek [Modern trends in the development of hydraulic bogie designs] Innovacionnoe razvitie podemno-transportnoj tehniki. Materialy vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. Bryansk, 2019, pp. 31-38.
3. Pugin K.G., Vlasov D.V., Shajakbarov I.Je. Razrabotka gruzopodemnogo ustrojstva na traktor MTZ-80 (MTZ-82) [Development of a lifting device for the MTZ-80 tractor (MTZ-82) ]. Far Eastern Agricultural Bulletin, 2019, no. 2, pp. 109-118.
4. Kropotova N.A. Razrabotka gruzovoj telezhki dlja oblegchenija remonta pozharnoj tehniki [Development of a cargo truck to facilitate the repair of fire equipment] NOVAINFO.RU, 2019, no. 108, pp. 12-13.
5. Voronkov A.L. Podemnik detalej peredvizhnoj gidravlicheskij [Details mobile hydraulic lift] Youth and Science, 2016, no. 7, pp. 167.
6. D'jakonov V.A., Teben'kov K.A. Rol' sredstv maloj mehanizacii na sklade voinskoj chasti vojsk nacional'noj gvardii [The role of small-scale mechanization in the warehouse of a military unit of the national guard] Tendencii razvitija material'no-tehnicheskogo obespechenija voennoj organizacii gosudarstva v sovremennyh uslovijah. Sbornik stat'ej III mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, Perm, 2017, pp. 213-218.
7. Doli Rani, Nitin Agarwal. Design and fabrication of hydraulic scissor lift. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2015, vol. 5, pp. 81-87.
8. Sabde Abhijit, Jamgekar Rohan. Design and analysis of hydraulic scissor lift by FEA. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2016, vol. 10, pp. 1277-1292.
9. Hongyu, Ziyi. Design and simulation based on PRO/E for a hydraulic lift platform in scissors type. Procedia Engineering, 2011, vol. 16, pp. 772-781.
10. Gaffar Momin, Rohan Hatti. Manufacturing analysis of hydraulic scissor lift. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, 2015, vol. 3, pp. 733-740.
11. Pestrikov S.A., Ivanov N.K., Shajakbarov I. Je. Vnedrenie innovacionnyh reshenij v sfere transportnyh uslug [Implementation of innovative solutions in the field of transport services] Izvestiya of the Tula State University. Technical Science, 2017, no. 5, pp. 157-164.
12. Doroshenko R.V. Telezhka dlja perevozki akkumuljatorov [Trolley for transportation of the batteries]. Patent Rossiiskaia Federatsiia no. 178597 (2017).
13. Akopjan G.G. Universal'naja platformennaja telezhka [Universal platform trolley]. Patent Rossiiskaia Federatsiia no. 33757 (2003).
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At the moment, to strengthen load-bearing structures in civil and transport construction, the most commonly used methods are those with the use of clips, injection, steel bands. In place of these restoration options, studies are underway on the use of composite materials, which allow reinforcing concrete and masonry structures. Abroad, this method is officially regulated, but in our country regulatory documents on this issue are only advisory.

In the article, based on the works of Kostenko A.N. and Dzhamueva B.K., the calculation was made of the amplification of stone columns of a residential building with composite materials. The studied object is located in Perm; its lifetime is about 65 years. Such objects are characterized by a decrease in the bearing capacity of structures, in connection with which, an instrumental examination of the house was carried out, based on the results of which further calculation was performed. Formulas are presented for calculating the reinforcement with composite materials and the characteristics of the used carbon fiber fabric. Due to the possibility of different arrangement of reinforced fiber bandages, various options for their location were considered and the optimal one was selected. The technology of strengthening and the measures to increase the fire resistance of structures are described. The measures necessary to prevent emergency situations when performing continuous wrapping of reinforced structures with fiber are also outlined in the article.

As an alternative method of restoring the bearing capacity based on the calculation formulas, the reinforcement with a metal casing was calculated. In the final part of the article, a conclusion is presented, based on the performed local estimate calculation of both options. The selected methods are compared and the conclusions on the effectiveness of each of them are drawn.

Keywords: reinforcement, calculation, stone structures, metal casing, composite materials, carbon fiber fabric, economic comparison.

Daniil S. Ryzhkov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Master, Department of Construction Industry and Geotechnics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation), Design-Engineer, LLC “TANTRA” (office 513, 9, Lenin st., Perm, 614000, Russian Federation, e-mail: ryzhkovdan@rambler.ru).

Daniil A. Tatyannikov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Senior Lecturer, Department of Construction Industry and Geotechnics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: danco777@mail.ru).

1.  Ivanov Yu.V. Rekonstruktsiia zdanii i sooruzhenii: usilenie, vosstanovlenie, remont: Uchebnoe posobie [Reconstruction of buildings and structures: strengthening, restoration, repair]. Moscow, АСВ, 2013. – 312 p.
2. Nardone F., Prota A., Manfredi G. Design criteria for FRP seismic strengthening of masonry walls // The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12–17, 2008, Beijing, China.
3. Lazovsky D.N. Proektirovanie rekonstruktsii zdanii i sooruzhenii: uchebno-metodicheskii kompleks. Ch. 2. Otsenka sostoianiia i usilenie stroitel'nykh konstruktsii [Designing the reconstruction of buildings and structures: educational complex. Part 2. Assessment and strengthening of building structures]. Moscow, Novopolotsk: PSU, 2010. – 340 p.
4. Ryadnova E.N. Raschet usileniia kamennykh konstruktsii i zdanii. Mezhdunarodnyi studencheskii stroitel'nyi forum [The calculation of the reinforcement of stone structures and buildings], Belgorodskii gosudarstvennyi tekhnologicheskii universitet im. V.G. Shukhova. – Belgorod, 2017, pp. 217-222.
5. S.A. Startsev, A.A. Sundukova. Usilenie kirpichnoi kladki kompozitnymi materialami i vintovymi sterzhniami [Reinforcement of brickwork with composite materials and screw rods] Stroitel'stvo unikal'nykh zdanii i sooruzhenii, 2014, no. 6, pp. 17-31.
6. Hollaway L.C., Teng J.G. Strengthening and rehabilitation of civil infrastructures using fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites // Woodhead publishing and maney publishing on behalf of the Institute of materials, minerals & mining CRC. Washington, DC Cambridge England, 2002. pp. 235-264
7. Michelis P., Papadimitriou C., Karaiskos G. Full-scale shake table experiments and vibration tests for assessing the effectiveness of textile materials for retrofitting masonry buildings // III ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering May 25-28, 2011, Corfu, Greece.
8. Granovsky A.V., Kostenko A.N., Mochalov A.L. Usilenie kirpichnykh konstruktsii s ispol'zovaniem elementov vneshnego armirovaniia iz uglerodnogo volokna [Reinforcement of brick structures using elements of external reinforcement made of carbon fiber]. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel'stvo, 2006, no. 7, pp. 47- 48.
9. Granovsky A.V., Kostenko A.N., Mochalov A.L. Povyshenie prochnosti kirpichnykh konstruktsii rekonstruiruemykh zdanii [Improving the strength of brick structures of reconstructed buildings]. Zhilishchnoe stroitel'stvo, 2006, no. 2, pp. 22- 23.
10. A.V. Granovsky, B.K. Dzhamuev. Primenenie vneshnego armirovaniia iz uglevolokna dlia usileniia sten iz iacheistobetonnykh blokov [The use of external carbon fiber reinforcement to strengthen walls of aerated concrete blocks]. Stroitel'nye materialy, 2011, no. 7, pp. 68-69.
11. А.В. Грановский, Б.К. Джамуев. Povyshenie prochnosti sten iz iacheistobetonnykh blokov [Повышение прочности стен из ячеистобетонных блоков] // Zhilishchnoe stroitel'stvo - 2011. - № 9. - С. 39-41.
12. Granovsky A.V., Galishnikova V.V., Berestenko E.I. Perspektivy primeneniia armaturnykh setok na osnove bazal'tovogo volokna v stroitel'stve [Prospects for the application of reinforcing mesh based on basalt fiber in construction]. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel'stvo, 2015, no. 3, pp. 59- 63.
13. Tonky G.P., Kabantsev O.V., Granovsky A.V., Osipov P.V., Buzin R.A. Eksperimental'no-teoreticheskie issledovaniia fragmenta zdaniia iz kamennoi kladki, usilennogo sistemoi vneshnego armirovaniia na osnove uglevolokna [Experimental and theoretical studies of a fragment of a masonry building reinforced with an external carbon fiber-based reinforcement system]. Seismostoikoe stroitel'stvo. Bezopasnost' sooruzhenii, 2017, no. 5, pp. 36- 46.
14. Gasiev A.A., Granovsky A.V. K voprosu ob otsenke nesushchei sposobnosti kirpichnykh prostenkov, usilennykh kholstami iz uglevoloknistoi tkani, pri deistvii sdvigaiushchikh usilii [To the question of assessing the bearing capacity of brick walls reinforced with carbon fiber cloths under the action of shear forces]. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel'stvo, 2015, no. 6, pp. 36- 42.
15. Sadykova R.R., Nuzhina D.A., Bykov A.A. Usilenie kamennykh konstruktsii kompozitnymi materialami [Reinforcement of stone structures with composite materials]. Mir nauki i innovatsii, 2015, no. 10, pp. 78- 82.

In the article the problem of improving the efficiency of material stocks management of a transport enterprise is examined. The relevance of the problem raised by the authors is substantiated. The concept of material stock of and their types from the point of view of various authors and disciplines is disclosed, the reasons for the formation of material stock, the costs of maintaining and storing, and the losses of the enterprise due to the lack of stock are structured; the factors affecting the minimization of material stock are described. The role of stocks in the activities of the enterprise is determined. The composition of the enterprise’s stocks, the reasons for their formation, and the losses of the company due to lack of stocks are considered. The components of effective stocks management are described. Indicators for assessing the effectiveness of enterprise stocks management were systematized into the following groups: the level of available stocks, stocks turnover, deviations from standard values for the use of stocks, stocks profitability. The influence of each of them on the effectiveness of stocks management is shown. In the study the management of technological transport is examined, which belongs to the country's largest company engaged in the extraction and processing of hydrocarbons. An economic analysis of the enterprise was carried out, as a result of which a low efficiency of material stocks management was revealed. The state of the enterprise’s working capital is assessed, a coefficient analysis of current assets and an analysis of the structure of stocks are carried out, the indicators of stocks turnover, material consumption and material productivity are calculated. The reserves to improve the efficiency of stocks management are identified by the authors; the main one was chosen to reduce the cost of stocks by increasing the turnover ratio and reducing the period of stocks turnover. It is proposed to use the simulation method to determine the dependence of the cost of spare parts on general time and operating time. It is also proposed to increase the number of inventories to determine illiquid stocks with their subsequent sale. As a result of applying the proposed method, a positive change in performance indicators is noted. The theoretical basis of the article was the research of domestic and foreign scientists and practitioners, whose work made a significant contribution to the development of methods and systems of stocks management. The information base of the study included accounting, statistical and financial reporting, as well as the data of the production plan of the enterprise.

Keywords: motor transport, improvement of the efficiency of stocks management, stocks optimization, enterprise reserves, two-factor model.

Svetlana A. Tenkovskaya (Tumen, Russian Federation) – Assistant, Department of Management in the Fuel and Energy Sector, Industrial University of Tyumen (15–224, St. Procopij Artamonov, Tyumen, 625059, Russian Federation, e-mail: ten_sa@tsogu.ru).

Artem V. Vlasov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation) – Master Student, International Research Institute of Bioengineering, ITMO University (16/3, sq. 168, Novoizmailovsky av., Saint Petersburg, 196128, Russian Federation, e-mail: arte_13@mail.ru).

1. Arinin I.N. Tekhnicheskaia ekspluatatsiia avtomobilei [Technical operation of cars] Rostov on Don: Feniks, 2004, 315 p.

2. Gol'd B.V. Osnovy prochnosti i dolgovechnosti avtomobilei [Fundamentals of the strength and durability of cars]. Moscow, Mashinostroenie, 1967, 212 p.

3. Zaitsev N.L. Ekonomika promyshlennogo predpriiatiia [Economy of industrial enterprises]. Moscow, INFRA–M, 2017, 414 p.

4. Bazhenov Iu.V. Osnovy teorii nadezhnosti mashin: uchebnoe posobie [Fundamentals of the theory of machine reliability]. Moscow, 2012, 312 p.

5. Vlasov A.V., Ten'kovskaia S.A. Strategicheskii analiz otrasli gruzovykh avtotransportnykh perevozok [Strategic analysis of the trucking industry]. Transportnye i transportno-tekhnologicheskie sistemy: materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-tekhnicheskoi konferentsii, 2018, pp. 60–63.

6. Dem'ianenko M.S. Sovershenstvovanie upravleniia zapasami na osnove logisticheskogo podkhoda [Improving inventory management based on a logistic approach]. Vestnik Belgorodskogo universiteta kooperatsii, ekonomiki i prava, 2013, no. 3 (47), pp. 328–336.

7. Shchetina V.A. Snabzhenie zapasnymi chastiami na avtomobil'nom transporte [Spare parts for cars]. Moscow, Transport, 1990, 122 p.

8. Latypova R.A. Regulirovanie transportnykh tarifov [Regulation of transport tariffs] Abstract of Ph.D. thesis. Moscow, GAU, 1995, 27 p.

9. Zakharov N.S. Vliianie narabotki avtomobilei neftegazodobyvaiushchego predpriiatiia na raskhod zapasnykh chastei [The influence of the operating time of cars of the oil and gas company on the consumption of spare parts] Intellekt. Innovatsii. Investitsii, 2018, no. 7, pp. 84–88.

10. Mongush S.Ch. Sravnitel'nyi analiz metodov opredeleniia optimal'nykh srokov sluzhby avtomobilia [Comparative analysis of methods for determining optimal vehicle life] Vestnik. Tekhnicheskie i fiziko-matematicheskie nauki, 2014, no. 3, pp. 84–90.

11. Sukhov N. Srok sluzhby avtomobilia [Lifetime of the car] Avtomobil'nyi transport, 1983, no. 9, pp. 9–11.

12. Maniashin A.V. Metodika sinteza ezdovogo tsikla avtomobilia [The synthesis technique of a car’s driving cycle] Mezhdunarodnyi nauchnyi zhurnal, Moskva: OOO «Spektr», 2013, no. 1, pp. 87–91.

13. Maniashin A.V. Osobennosti imitatsionnogo modelirovaniia raskhoda topliva avtomobilem v gorodskikh usloviiakh [Features of simulation modeling of fuel consumption by a car in urban conditions] T-comm. Telekommunikatsii i transport, 2011, no. 3, pp. 28–30.

14. Tokarev T.G. Ratsional'nye sroki sluzhby avtomobilei [Rational car life]. Moscow, Avtotransizdat, 1962, 77 p.

15. Voronkova A.E. Diagnostika sostoianiia predpriiatiia: teoriia i praktika [Enterprise diagnostics]. Moscow, “INZhEK”, 2015, 520 p.

The article is devoted to the current problem of the failure in the operational stability of structures from environmental influences. Significant territories of Russia and foreign countries are subject to seasonal freezing and frost heaving of soils. This dangerous natural process leads to the emergence of force factors that cause deformation and destruction of structures. This negative effect is especially significant for lightly loaded structures. The study addresses the effect of frost heaving on bridge elements. Despite the significance of the problem, the facts of the negative manifestations of this impact in the practice of operating bridges did not receive proper generalization and study. The most effective areas of protection are not identified. The aim of the study is to find solutions to prevent the emergency condition of bridges under frost heaving based on the analysis of damage to structural elements, identifying the most characteristic of them, determining the factors of frost heaving that cause these problem situations. In the article an annotated review of damage to bridge elements from the influence of frost heaving in the Russian and foreign practice is made. The analysis showed that the most characteristic are lifting and deformation of piers, deformation of spans. It is shown that the reasons are the natural properties of soils and disturbance of the moisture regime. This study is also complemented by a review of measures to prevent these types of damage, identification and justification of the most effective measures based on the modernization of structures. The work is practical in nature and can serve as the basis for theoretical and experimental studies that ensure the safe operation of bridge structures in the areas with harsh climate.

Keywords: bridge, pier, pile, bridge span, damage, deformation, frost heaving.

Ol'ga V. Tret'iakova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Senior Lector, Department of Motorways and Bridges, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (19a, Academician Korolev st., Perm, 614013, Russian Federation, e-mail: Olga_wsw@mail.ru).

1. Kibriya, T. Adfreeze forces on Lightly Loaded Pile foundations of Solar PV Farms in Gold Regions / T. Kibriya, L. Tahir // American journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2015.Vol. 3, no. 4. pp. 109–117.
2. Tsytovich, N. A., Sumgin, M.I. Osnovaniia mekhaniki merzlykh gruntov [Fundamentals of mechanics of frozen soils]. Moskva, Leningrad: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1937, 432 p.
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6. Orlov, V. O., Dubnov, Iu. D., Merenkov, N.D. Puchenie promerzaiushchikh gruntov i ego vliianie na fundamenty sooruzhenii [Heaving of freezing soil and it influence to the structures foundations]. Leningrad: Stroiizdat, 1977, 184 p.
7. Issledovanie konstruktsii opor mostov [The study designs of bridge piers] (pod redaktsiei E.A. Baliuchika). Trudy Vserossiiskogo nauchno-issledovatel'skogo instituta transportnogo stroitel'stva. Moskva: «Transport», 1985, 78 p.
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12. Lund, M.S.M., Hansen, K.K., Andersen, I.B. Frost susceptibility of sub-base gravel used in Pearl-Chain Bridges: an experimental investigation // International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2018. No. 19 (11). pp. 986-998.
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15. Tretyakova, O. V., Modelirovanie raboty svai transportnykh tonnelei v usloviiakh moroznogo pucheniia grunta [Simulation piles behavior of transport tunnel in heaving soils] Transport. Transportnye sooruzheniia. Ekologiia, 2019, no. 3, рp. 72-82.

The formation of a particular type of winter slippage on the road surface can cause an increase in the length of the braking distance. If there is a need for emergency braking in front of an obstacle, the driver of the vehicle being in the traffic stream and being unaware of the presence of a hazardous area ahead will not timely take appropriate measures to adjust the speed mode, which increases the possibility of an accident.

One of the solutions to this problem may be to limit the speed of cars well in advance of a hazardous area.

The object of the study is the calculation of safe speed in areas where the formation of various types of winter slippage is observed. In the framework of this research a full-scale study was conducted of the effect of the presence of various types of winter slippage on the road surface on the braking distance of the car. All combinations are considered in the form of winter slippage, at which a decrease in the coefficient of adhesion is observed. Existing computational apparatuses for determining the stopping distance were studied and functional dependencies were developed for determining the correlation of the safety clearance with the speed of movement for each combination of surface conditions under consideration.

To determine the safe speed, the formula for calculating the dynamic dimension is applied, the main component of which is the braking distance. The principle of calculation is to determine the optimal vehicle speed at which the safety clearance remains within acceptable limits.

In the article fragments of the results of field tests on measuring the braking distance and fragments of the results of correlation of the safety clearance calculated using the developed calculation apparatus for one of the combinations of winter slippage types are presented. A check of the adequacy of the design apparatus, and recommendations for reducing the speed for each of the combinations are presented as well.

Keywords: dynamic dimension, braking distance, safety clearance, speed mode, winter slippage, adhesion coefficient.

Vera D. Timokhovets (Tyumen, Russian Federation) – Senior Lecturer, Department of Roads and Airfields, Tyumen Industrial University (38, Volodarskiy st., Tyumen, 625001, Russian Federation, e-mail: timohovetsvd@tyuiu.ru).

Ilya A. Kholkin (Tyumen, Russian Federation) – Bachelor, Department of Roads and Airfields, Tyumen Industrial University (38, Volodarskiy st., Tyumen, 625001, Russian Federation, e-mail: ilyakholkin96@mail.ru).

1. Bondareva E.D., Klekovkina M.P. Izyskanie i proektirovanie avtomobilnykh dorog: uchebnoe posobie. CHast 1 [Research and Design of Roads: A Tutorial Part 1] Gosudarstvennyj arhitekturno-stroitel'nyj universitet, Saint Petersburg, 2011, 137 p.

2. Kuvatov V.I., Kozmovskii D.V., Malygin I. G. Metod rascheta dinamicheskogo gabarita avtomobilia v usloviiakh raznorodnogo potoka transportnykh sredstv [Method for calculating the dynamic dimension of a car in a heterogeneous flow of vehicles] Transport: nauka, tekhnika, upravlenie, 2012, no. 11. pp. 23-26.

3. Smirnova N.V. Zavisimost minimalno bezopasnoi distantcii ot skorosti i dorozhnykh uslovii [Dependence of the minimum safe distance on speed and road conditions] Transport. Transportnye sooruzheniia. Ekologiia, 2014, no. 2. pp. 65-77.

4. Samodurova T.V. etc. Issledovanie faktorov, opredeliaiushchikh uroven bezopasnosti dvizheniia pri provedenii rabot po zimnemu soderzhaniiu avtomobilnykh dorog [research of factors determining the motion safety level when carrying out works on the winter content of road roads] Dorogi i mosty, 2013. no. 2. pp. 142-155.

5. Evtiukov S.A. Vliianie faktorov na stcepnye kachestva pokrytii avtomobilnykh dorog [The influence of factors on the adhesion qualities of road surfaces] Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniia, 2012. no. 3, рр. 97-97.

6. Samodurova T.V. Meteorologicheskoe obespechenie zimnego soderzhaniia avtomobilnykh dorog [Meteorological support for the winter maintenance of roads] TIMR, Moscow 2003, 183 p.

7. Testeshev A.A., Timokhovetc V. D. Otcenka stcepnykh svoistv dorozhnykh pokrytii so snezhno-ledianymi otlozheniiami v sisteme upravleniia skorostnymi rezhimami dvizheniia [Assessment of the adhesion properties of road surfaces with snow-ice deposits in the control system of high-speed driving modes] Aktualnye voprosy proektirovaniia avtomobilnykh dorog. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov OAO GIPRODORNII, 2014, no. 5, pp. 54-61.

8. Petrov A.I. Rassledovanie i ekspertiza dorozhno-transportnykh proisshestvii [Investigation and examination of traffic accidents], 2010, 91p.

9. Faddeev M.A., Markov K.A. Chislennye metody [Numerical methods], Nizhegorodskij gosudarstvennyj universitet, 2010, 158 p.

10. Puchkin V.A. Osnovy ekspertnogo analiza dorozhno-transportnykh proisshestvii [Basics of expert analysis of traffic accidents] Izdatel'sko-poligraficheskoe ob"edinenie proektnyj institut yuzhnyj federal'nyj universitet, 2010, 398 p.

11. Testeshev A.A., Timokhovetc V. D. Upravlenie skorostnymi rezhimami na dorogakh v neblagopriiatnykh pogodnykh usloviiakh v zimnii period [Management of speed conditions on roads in adverse weather conditions in the winter] Nauchno-tekhnicheskii vestnik Povolzhia, 2014, no. 1, pp. 163-166.

12. Odintcov D.V., Testeshev A.А. Otcenka izmeneniia skorostnykh rezhimov v zimnii period pri razlichnykh sostoianiiakh pokrytiia avtomobilnykh dorog obshchego polzovaniia federalnogo znacheniia v granitcakh Tiumenskoi oblasti [Evaluation of changes in speed conditions in the winter period under various conditions of covering roads of public use of federal significance within the boundaries of the Tyumen region New technologies for the oil and gas region] Novye tekhnologii-neftegazovomu region, 2017, pp. 291-293.

13. Samodurova T.V. Fiziko-statisticheskie modeli dlia prognoza obrazovaniia zimnei skolzkosti na dorozhnykh pokrytiiakh [Physico-statistical models for predicting winter slippage formation on road surfaces] Nauchnyi zhurnal stroitelstva i arkhitektury, 2008, no. 1. pp. 128-132.

14. Samodurova T.V. etc. Trebovaniia k informatcionnym resursam dlia upravleniia rabotami po zimnemu soderzhaniiu avtomobilnykh dorog [requirements for information resources for management of works on winter content of vehicles] Dorogi i mosty, 2012, no. 1. pp. 102-117.

15. Gusev V.A. Regulirovanie skorostnogo rezhima transportnykh potokov dlia obespecheniia bezopasnosti dvizheniia [regulation of the speed mode of transport flows to ensure traffic safety] Transport. Transportnye sooruzheniia. Ekologiia, 2014, no. 3. pp. 35-45.

In the article the issues of increasing the probability of truck no-failure operation due to the creation of a reserve are considered. On the one hand, the reserve will allow replacing faulty equipment almost without stopping work, on the other hand, the car being in reserve is not in use, i.e. does not make a profit, therefore it is important to justify not only the need, but also the size of the reserve. The task of determining the size of trucks reserve to ensure the continuity of work at minimum cost is relevant, especially for seasonal work. During the construction of roads, cars are operated in isolation from the production base, so it is necessary to ensure continuous operation for one week; therefore, all the calculations in the article are presented just for this period. The results of calculating the costs of the reservation are presented. It is suggested using leasing schemes, as their undoubted advantage is the ability to quickly return the equipment to the lessor without loss of time and money.

Within the framework of this study, the reservation task is formulated for a two-car system consisting of a KamAZ 65115 and a KamAZ 55111. Each of the subsystems is a single element, the probability of no-failure operation of which can be increased by the use of reserving (an additional free car). Each value of the probability of no-failure operation of the system P (X) will correspond to the value of the total costs C (X); a pair of these values is proposed to be called a vector of indicators of the system. The results of calculations are presented, which are recorded in the form of a table for the convenience of analysis. The size of the optimal reserve of vehicles for various values of the probability of no-failure operation of the entire system is determined. A two-car system is highly likely to not be able to operate continuously without failures for just one week. In a market economy, the total cost of the work is important, so it is taken into account in the calculations. To ensure an acceptable level of dependability, a minimum of 47 thousand rubles per week will be needed to create a reserve of trucks.

Keywords: reliability, probability of no-failure operation, reserving, truck.

Rinat F. Shaihov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Technical Service and Repair of Cars, Perm State Agro-Technological University (23, Petropavlovskaia St., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: shr84@list.ru).

1. Shaikhov R.F. Opredelenie ostatochnogo resursa detalei navesnogo oborudovaniia spetsial'nykh avtomobilei [Determination of the residual life of parts of attachments of special vehicles] Transport. Transportnye sooruzheniia. Ekologiia, 2019, no. 3, pp. 83-88.
2. Repetskii D.S. Resurs gidrotsilindrov gruzovykh avtomobilei [Resource of hydraulic cylinders of trucks] Nauchno-tekhnicheskii vestnik tekhnicheskie sistemy v APK, 2019, no. 5 (5), pp. 20-24.
3. Repetskii D.S. Vibronagruzhennost' rulevogo upravleniia lesovoza [Vibration load of the steering of a timber truck] Mashinostroenie: novye kontseptsii i tekhnologii. Krasnoiarsk: SibGU im. M.F. Reshetneva, 2019, pp. 328-331.
4. Shaikhov R.F. Osobennosti ekspluatatsii avtomobilei s turbokompressorami v usloviiakh kar'erov [Features of operation of cars with turbochargers in quarry conditions]. Transport. Transportnye sooruzheniia. Ekologiia, 2019, no. 2, pp. 73-79.
5. Shaikhov R.F. Analiz pokazatelei nadezhnosti korobok otbora moshchnosti gruzovykh avtomobilei [Analysis of reliability indicators of power take-offs of trucks] Transport. Transportnye sooruzheniia. Ekologiia, 2019, no. 4, pp. 67-73.
6. Mal'tsev D.V., Pestrikov S.A., Utrobin V.Iu. Vliianie uslovii ekspluatatsii na nadezhnost' gruzovykh avtomobilei na baze shassi KamAZ [The influence of operating conditions on the reliability of trucks based on the KamAZ chassis] Khimiia. Ekologiia. Urbanistika, 2019, vol. 2, pp. 129-133.
7. Mal'tsev D.V. Analiz prichin maloi narabotki na otkaz turbokompressorov pri ekspluatatsii v usloviiakh kar'erov [Analysis of the reasons for the small time between failures of turbocompressors during operation in quarries]. Aktual'nye napravleniia nauchnykh issledovanii XXI veka: teoriia i praktika. 2016, vol. 4, no. 5-4 (25-4), pp. 267-271.
8. Popov A.V., Kozyrin N.S., Mal'tsev D.V. Dvukhpotochnaia transmissiia protiv variatora [Dual-flow transmission against the variator] Avtomobil'naia promyshlennost', 2018, no. 11, pp. 18-21.
9. Mal'tsev D.V. Sovershenstvovanie organizatsii perevozochnogo protsessa tverdykh bytovykh otkhodov avtomobil'nym transportom [Improving the organization of transportation process by motor transport of municipal solid waste] Ph.D. thesis. Orel, 2016, 142 p.
10. Mal'tsev D.V., Pestrikov S.A. Opredelenie optimal'noi periodichnosti tekhnicheskogo obsluzhivaniia avtobusov [Determination of the optimal frequency of bus maintenance]. Mir transporta, 2018, no. 2 (75), pp. 96-105.
11. Bogoveev R.A., Mal'tsev D.V., Genson E.M. Otsenka kvalifikatsii proizvodstvennogo personala na predpriiatiiakh agropromyshlennogo kompleksa [Qualification assessment of production personnel at the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex] Aktual'nye voprosy primeneniia inzhenernoi nauki: International scientific and practical conference, Riazanskii gosudarstvennyi agrotekhnologicheskii universitet im. P.A. Kostycheva, 2019, pp. 110-115.
12. Mal'tsev D.V., Genson E.M., Repetskii D.S. Elektronnye uchebnye posobiia dlia prikladnogo bakalavriata [Electronic textbooks for applied baccalaureate] Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii, 2019, no. 4, pp. 134-141.
13. Pavlishin S.G., Galimzianov I.M. Otsenka nadezhnosti samosvalov KAMAZ v garantiinyi period ekspluatatsii [Assessment of the reliability of KAMAZ dump trucks during the warranty period of operation] Vestnik Moskovskogo avtomobil'no-dorozhnogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2009, no. 4 (19), pp. 44-47.
14. Ostreikovskii, V.A. Teoriia nadezhnosti [Reliability theory]. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola, 2003, 463 p.
15. Ushakov I.A. Metody resheniia prosteishikh zadach optimal'nogo rezervirovaniia pri nalichii ogranichenii [Methods for solving the simplest problems of optimal redundancy in the presence of restrictions]. Izdatelstvo “Sovetskoe radio”, 1969, 176 p.

In the article the problem of increasing the fuel efficiency of agricultural machinery by the example of the most common BELARUS-820 tractor with D-243 diesel engine, manufactured by the Minsk Tractor Plant, is considered. The active entry into the Russian market of agricultural machinery by foreign manufacturers, the different sizes of the fleet and the specifics of the operation of the equipment lead to the fact that the fuel consumption standards established to date cannot fully correspond to the actual operating conditions. When the tractors under study are operating, a significant part of the time the special rig operates, which is driven by a hydraulic control system. In this case, a hydraulic pump is driven from the internal combustion engine, i.e. part of the energy of the internal combustion engine is spent on the rig drive. Depending on the load on the actuator (hydraulic cylinder), the engine fuel consumption also changes. The aim of the study is to establish the dependence of the actual fuel consumption of the BELARUS-820 tractor on the load on rig drive hydraulic cylinder. In the article the choice of approach for developing a mathematical model characterizing the operation of the interaction system of an internal combustion engine and an executive hydraulic cylinder is described. Theoretical studies were carried out, during which the desired dependence was obtained. It is established that using the multi-parameter characteristics of the engine, it is possible to assess the nature of the change in the specific effective fuel consumption when the load on the hydraulic cylinder of the attachment drive is changed. During the study, a full-scale experiment was planned. The analysis is carried out and the mass method of measuring fuel consumption is selected. The methodology and fixed parameters were determined during the experiment at the object of the study. By comparing the calculated and experimental data, it is planned to prove the adequacy of the developed mathematical model.

Keywords: fuel efficiency, agricultural machinery, BELARUS-820 tractor, rig.

Rinat F. Shaihov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Technical Service and Repair of Cars, Perm State Agro-Technological University (23, Petropavlovskaia st., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: shr84@list.ru).

1. Shmelev S.A., Buklagin D.S. Metrologicheskie aspekty energeticheskoi otsenki sel'skokhoziaistvennoi tekhniki [Metrological aspects of energy assessment of agricultural machinery] Tekhnika i oborudovanie dlia sela, 2013, no. 10, pp. 24-28.
2. Chainikov D.A. Prisposoblennost' avtomobilei k masse perevozimogo gruza po raskhodu topliva [The adaptability of cars to the mass of transported cargo in terms of fuel consumption] Ph.D. Thesis, Tiumen', 2006, 137 p.
3. Shmelev S.A., Buklagin D.S. Eksperimental'nye issledovaniia i sravnenie metodik provedeniia energeticheskoi otsenki sel'skokhoziaistvennoi tekhniki [Experimental studies and comparison of methods for energy assessment of agricultural machinery] Tekhnika i oborudovanie dlia sela, 2014, no. 1, pp. 30-33.
4. Snimshchikova I.V., Semenenko K.A. Sostoianie i tendentsii razvitiia otechestvennogo i mirovogo rynka sel'skokhoziaistvennoi tekhniki v usloviiakh globalizatsii [The state and development trends of the domestic and world agricultural machinery market in the context of globalization] Politematicheskii setevoi elektronnyi nauchnyi zhurnal Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2014, no. 101, pp. 1516-1527.
5. Lobov N.V., Mal'tsev D.V., Genson E.M. Analiz toplivnoi ekonomichnosti musorovoza pri vypolnenii transportnoi raboty [Analysis of the fuel economy of a garbage truck when performing transport work] Avtotransportnoe predpriiatie, 2016, no. 10, pp. 51-53.
6. Rakov V.A., Litvinov V.I. Opredelenie neobkhodimoi moshchnosti dvigatelia kombinirovannoi energeticheskoi ustanovki traktora [Determination of the required engine power of the combined power plant of the tractor] Izvestiia sankt-peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2019, no. 3 (56), pp. 145-151.
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9. Anoshina T.S. Povyshenie ekonomicheskikh i ekologicheskikh kachestv transportnogo dizelia pri rabote na rezhimakh malykh nagruzok i kholostykh khodov [Improving the economic and environmental qualities of a transport diesel engine when operating at low load and idle] Abstract of Ph.D. thesis., Moscow, 2014,18 p.
10. Shatrov M.G., Morozov K.A., Alekseev I.V., etc. Avtomobil'nye dvigateli [Car engines]. Moscow, Izdatel'skii tsentr “Akademiia”, 2011, 464 p.
11. Khmelev R.N. Matematicheskoe i programmnoe obespechenie sistemnogo podkhoda k issledovaniiu i raschetu porshnevykh dvigatelei vnutrennego sgoraniia: monografiia [Mathematical and software systems approach to the study and calculation of piston internal combustion engines] Tula: Izdatelstvo TulGU, 2011, 229 p.
12. Kvishko V.F. EPSILON – innovatsii v izmerenii urovnia topliva [EPSILON - innovations in fuel level measurement] Materialy 3 Vserossiyskoy nauchno-prakticheskoi konferencii GLONASS – REGIONAM. Orel, 2013, pp. 60-62
13. Shmelev S.A., Buklagin D.S. Analiz tekhnicheskogo urovnia raskhodomerov dizel'nogo topliva [Analysis of the technical level of diesel fuel flow meters] VESTNIK VIESKh, 2012, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 64-65.
14. Shmelev S.A., Buklagin D.S. Metody i pribory dlia izmereniia raskhoda topliva pri ispytaniiakh sel'skokhoziaistvennoi tekhniki [Methods and instruments for measuring fuel consumption during testing of agricultural machinery] Tekhnika i oborudovanie dlia sela, 2012, no. 12 (185), pp. 15-17
15. Zakharov N.S. Modelirovanie protsessov izmeneniia kachestva avtomobilei [Modeling processes of changing the quality of cars] Tiumen': TiumGNGU, 1999, 127 p.