Using dilatometric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, the processes of austenization and transformation during subsequent cooling in low-carbon martensitic steel 14X2G2NMFB were studied. The multiplet character of the transition of steel to the austenitic state is shown. The stages of transition of the ferrite-carbide mixture to austenite and the formation of austenite from excess ferrite, differentiated by the temperature of realization, are postulated. The first stage of austenite formation is controlled by diffusion-free mechanisms of phase transformation, whereas the second has the features of a phase transition, which is controlled by diffusion mechanisms. Each of them is characterized by its own values of the activation energy of such a transformation: 1400 and 500 kJ/mol, respectively. According to differential scanning calorimetry data, it is shown that the quenching temperature from the intercritical temperature range between points AC1 and AC3 should be close to the temperature of completion of the second stage of austenization. It is proposed to expand the classical understanding of the phenomenon of "heredity" in low-carbon martensitic steels and include in this concept the influence of velocity and thermodynamic prehistory of the material.

The study of transformations during cooling of this steel allows us to present them as a superposition of two processes. implemented in close, overlapping temperature ranges.

Keywords: perlite, austenite, martensite, bainite, shear transformation, diffusion transformation, differential scanning calorimetry, low carbon martensitic steel, structural heredity.

Sergey K. Laptev (Perm, Russian Federation) – Post graduate student, dep. «Metallurgy, thermal and laser treatment of metals», Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: sklaptev@platinum-perm.ru).

Lev V. Spivak (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, dep. «Metallurgy, thermal and laser treatment of metals», Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: lspivak2@mail.ru).

Alexandr A. Shatsov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, dep. «Metallurgy, thermal and laser treatment of metals», Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: shatsov@pstu.ru

Sergey K. Grebenkov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Candidate of Technical Sciences, dep. «Metallurgy, thermal and laser treatment of metals», Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: drive@rtural.ru).

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This paper presents a new method of engineering calculations for the design of a radial sliding bearing with a polymer coating and groove, taking into account compressibility. This technique allows you to determine the key tribotechnical parameters.

The aim of the work is to evaluate the wear resistance of the modified design of the radial sliding bearing, taking into account the compressibility of the lubricant.

Materials and methods. Based on the equation of motion, the liquid lubricant under study, the continuity equation and the equation of state, new mathematical models are obtained that additionally take into account the compressibility of the lubricant.

The results of the study. The possibilities of practical application of the developed mathematical models of improved radial bearing design have been expanded, which make it possible to evaluate the performance characteristics of such bearings. The study showed that a bearing with a modified design, including a polymer coating and a groove, significantly increases its performance. A decrease in the coefficient of friction and an increase in the bearing capacity of the bearing compared to traditional options were noted. As a result, it was possible to increase the service life of the bearing, which is of significant importance for its use in industry.

Discussion and conclusion. The modified design of the radial sliding bearing made it possible to clarify, taking into account an additional factor – the compressibility of the lubricant, the bearing capacity by 7–9 %, and the coefficient of friction by 6–8 % in the range of the studied modes.

As a result, this study represents a significant contribution to the study of radial plain bearings. The results of this work can be applied to improve bearing designs, which will contribute to increasing their reliability and durability in various sectors of industry.

Keywords: compressibility, modified structure, coating, hydrodynamic regime, truly viscous lubricant, precise solution, wear resistance assessment.

Ekaterina A. Bolgova (Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation) – postgraduate student of the Department of Higher Mathematics, Rostov State Transport University (2, Rostovskogo Strelkovogo Polka Narodnogo Opolchenia sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344038, Russian Federation, e-mail: bolgova_katya6@mail.ru).

Murman A. Mukutadze (Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation) – Dr.Sci. (Eng.), professor, head of the Department of Higher Mathematics, Rostov State Transport University (2, Rostovskogo Strelkovogo Polka Narodnogo Opolchenia sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344038, Russian Federation, e-mail: murman1963@yandex.ru).

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Additive technology or 3D printing is an innovative and rational approach to manufacturing products from various materials. Layer-by-layer cladding, unlike traditional methods of producing products, allows to significantly reduce waste and production time. Among the existing technologies of additive manufacturing electric arc growth stands out for its great possibilities, such as high productivity and high mechanical properties of the obtained products. Currently, products made of maraging steels are used in rocket technology, astronautics and aviation industry. Their unique characteristics ensure reliability and durability of structures, which is especially important in conditions of increased loads and aggressive environment.

The research is devoted to the study of the influence of additive cladding strategy on the formation of macrostructure and microstructure of martensitic-aging alloy Dratec-1.6356. This alloy is designed for tool and die restoration and surfacing. A robotic complex based on a Fanuc robot, a power source and a Fronius CMT welding torch was used for cladding. Structural studies of the clad samples, zones of fusion between layers were carried out to determine the structural components, their quantity and uniformity of their distribution in the volume of the sample. Using the comparative analysis of chemical compositions, it was established that the metal obtained by CMT cladding method is close in its composition to martensitic-aging steel 03Ni18Co9Mo5Ti. The results of X-ray phase analysis were presented quantitative assessment of the formed phases in the clad samples was given, namely: martensite, residual austenite, intermetallic compounds. Studies of the phase composition of the welded samples were carried out on longitudinal sections by the method of identification of reflexes.

Keywords: additive technologies, 3D printing, layer-by-layer growth, maraging steels, СMT method, cladding strategy, microstructure, intermetallic compounds, X-ray phase analysis, high-strength steels.

Ilya A. Mosyagin (Perm, Russia Federation) – postgraduate student of the Department of Welding Production, Metrology and Technology of Materials, Perm
National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: iluha_mos@mail.ru).

Tatiana V. Olshanskaya (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Welding Production, Metrology and Technology of Materials, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky ave., Perm, 614990, Russian Federation, e-mail: tvo66@rambler.ru).

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18. Terent'ev S.A. Razrabotka tekhnologii i oborudovaniia additivnogo proizvodstva metallicheskikh izdelii plazmennoi naplavkoi plaviashchimsia elektrodom [Additive technology for creation of volumetric metal products based on arc welding with pulsed reversible feed of filler material]. PhD. Thesis. Perm', 2019, 16 p.

19. Koroteev A.O., Doliachko V.P., Kulikov V.P. Additivnaia tekhnologiia sozdaniia ob"emnykh metallicheskikh izdelii na osnove dugovoi svarki s impul'snoi reversivnoi podachei prisadochnogo materiala [Additive technology for creation of volumetric metal products based on arc welding with pulsed reversible feed of filler material]. Vestnik Belorussko-Rossiiskogo universiteta, 2019, no. 4, pp. 15–24.

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A current challenge is the use of polymer composites in thick-walled, highly stressed structures. One of the main problems in this class of products is to obtain a composite material with a uniform structure and corresponding thickness characteristics. One of the tools to solve this problem is the use of intermediate operations in the manufacturing technology – subforming at elevated temperature. During subforming, the viscosity of the binder is reduced, the binder is distributed throughout the volume of the billet and, at the same time, compaction takes place due to the elimination of air spaces between the material layers. However, it is necessary to take into account the influence of this technological operation on the final performance characteristics of the structure, as well as the effect of material ageing.

The paper presents studies on the influence of parameters of subforming modes on ageing of unidirectional material of thick-walled model construction from prepreg carbon fibre reinforced plastic. In the first stage of the work, the densification of the material was determined as a function of the technological parameters of the subforming modes carried out in the autoclave and in the furnace. The average duration of subforming modes was determined. The analysis of the values of material compaction carried out showed that in the subforming modes at +50 and +60 °C the greatest influence on the compaction index is exerted by the presence of excess pressure in the autoclave, and in the modes at +70 °C the compaction indexes for the modes in both types of equipment are close to each other and are in the range of 0.60–0.65 mm. The highest material compaction of 0.75 mm is achieved in the autoclave at +80 °C and overpressure.

Using up-to-date research methods and modern equipment, samples cut from model thick-walled structures were tested and the interlayer shear strength, binder mass content, density and thickness of the carbon fibre reinforced plastic monolayer were determined. According to the test results, it was found that additional technological subforming at elevated temperature leads to a significant densification of the material layers close to the monolayer thickness of the moulded CFRP. The dependency that increasing the holding time at elevated temperature reduces the value of the interlayer shear strength of CFRP has been revealed.

Keywords: polymer composite material, autoclave moulding, prepreg, thick-walled structure, carbon fibre reinforced plastic, subforming, technological parameters of the regime, ageing, material compaction, interlayer shear, physical and chemical characteristics.

Aleksandr N. Anoshkin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Mechanics of composite materials and structures, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., 614990, Perm, e-mail: aan-02@yandex.ru).

Vyacheslav V. Artemyev (Perm, Russian Federation) – Deputy Director of production NOC ACT, Senior Lecturer of the Department Mechanics of composite materials and structures, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., 614990, Perm, Russian Federation,
e-mail: artemyev-kt@pstu.ru).

Valentina R. Khanova (Perm, Russian Federation) – Lead engineer NOC ACT, a postgraduate student of the Department Mechanics of composite materials and structures, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., 614990, Perm, Russian Federation, e-mail: Khanova-kt2@pstu.ru).

Artem N. Systerov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Engineer NOC ACT, a postgraduate student of the Department Mechanics of composite materials and structures, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky av., 614990, Perm, Russian Federation, e-mail: systerov-kt@pstu.ru).

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The article presents a study of the structure and hardness distribution of a nickel-titanium alloy synthesized by the method of dual-wire electron beam additive shaping in vacuum using nickel wire NP2 DKRNT and titanium wire VT1-00cv as additive materials. Today, technologies related to the possibility of obtaining a material of the required composition directly at the welding site due to the use of several wires of different chemical compositions have received significant development, which determines the relevance of this work. One of the relevant directions is the synthesis of nickel- and titanium-based alloys, which have special mechanical and functional properties and find their application in various branches of the machine-building and energy complex. Also, nickel- and titanium-based alloys with special mechanical and functional properties have found their application in various fields of the machine-building and energy complex. The main difficulty in obtaining such alloys is the need for precise control of the chemical composition of the deposited metal. It is assumed that the stability of the chemical composition of the new material will be determined by careful study of the technological and energy parameters of the shaping process. A series of electron beam additive dual-wire surfacing was performed with simultaneous supply of nickel and titanium and varying the energy parameters of the surfacing, such as the feed rate of the raw wire, the electron beam current, the scanning frequency of the electron beam and the surfacing speed. A method for improving the mixing of deposited materials in a melt welding bath is proposed. Metallographic analysis of the obtained samples was performed to describe the structure and distribution of hardness. It was found that in order to obtain an equilibrium nitinol structure, it is necessary to clearly regulate the volume of the supplied raw material per unit of time, since a slight deviation of 1% will lead to saturation of nitinol and the formation of secondary phases that lead to embrittlement of the surfacing metal. It is revealed that the repeated remelting of the deposited roller using cyclic scanning of the electron beam contributes to better mixing of the deposited materials.

Keywords: additive technologies, additive shaping, electron beam, electron beam welding, vacuum surfacing, multi-wire surfacing, electron beam additive shaping, spectrometry, metallographic analysis, microstructure research.

Alexey L. Goncharov (Moscow, Russian Federation) – Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Head of the Technical Department “Material technologies” of NRU "MPEI" (14, Krasnokazarmennaya str., Moscow, 111250, Russian Federation,
e-mail: GoncharovAL@mpei.ru).

Alexander V. Nekhoroshev (Moscow, Russian Federation) – engineer of the Technical Department “Material technologies” of NRU "MPEI" (14, Krasnokazarmennaya str., Moscow, 111250, Russian Federation, e-mail: NekhoroshevAV@mpei.ru).

Khariton M. Kozyrev (Moscow, Russian Federation) – technician of the Technical Department “Material
technologies” of NRU "MPEI" (14, Krasnokazarmennaya
str., Moscow, 111250, Russian Federation, e-mail: KozyrevKM@mpei.ru).

Ivan S. Chulkov (Moscow, Russian Federation) – assistant of the Technical Department “Material technologies” of NRU "MPEI" (14, Krasnokazarmennaya str., Moscow, 111250, Russian Federation, e-mail: ChulkovIS@mpei.ru).

Alisa A. Bezberda (Moscow, Russian Federation) – student of the Technical Department “Material technologies” of NRU "MPEI" (14, Krasnokazarmennaya str., Moscow, 111250, Russian Federation, e-mail: BezberdaAA@mpei.ru).

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In this paper, short rectangular (at b<a<1.5b) cylindrical panels of small curvature made of composite materials are considered at admissibility of loss of stability and geometrically nonlinear state under loads close to the design level. It is indicated that the geometrical parameters of the considered panels, close to the square shape, are characteristic for the nose part of the wing caisson in the pylon zone of small and medium-capacity airplanes. The paper presents closed relations for the methods (algorithms) of determining the minimum thicknesses of the panels when the static strength criteria limit stresses are reached in the case of non-critical behavior in the case of compressive or tangential flows. Analytical solutions of geometrically nonlinear problems for cylindrical panels obtained by the Bubnov – Galerkin method, taking into account small curvature, are given. It is noted that the expressions for panel deflections in these problems consist of two terms of trigonometric series. The proposed methods for determining the optimum thicknesses of orthotropic panels in the considered cases under the action of compressive forces are reduced to the numerical solution of a system of three nonlinear equations with respect to the thickness and two deflection amplitudes. It is shown that under the action of shear forces the design problem can be reduced to the solution of a single nonlinear equation. The final relations take into account the diaphragm and bending stresses arising from the loss of stability of the panels.

Keywords: orthotropic material, short rectangular cylindrical panels, subcritical state, geometrically nonlinear behavior, compressive forces, shear flows.

Oleg V. Mitrofanov (Moscow, Russian Federation) – Professor of Department 101, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Moscow Aviation Institute "National Research University" (4, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 125993, Russian Federation; e-mail: MitrofanovOV@mai.ru).

Galina D. Evreinova (Moscow, Russian Federation) – postgraduate student of RMD&PM Department National Research University "Moscow Power Engineering Institute" (17, Krasnokazarmennaya St., Moscow, 111250, Russian Federation; e-mail: YevreinovaGD@mpei.ru).

Alexander A. Dudchenko (Moscow, Russian Federation) – Professor of Department 602, Doctor of Technical Sciences Moscow Aviation Institute "National Research University" (4, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 125993, Russian Federation; e-mail: a_dudchenko@mail.ru).

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The article analyses additive technologies using highly concentrated energy sources, identifies their advantages and disadvantages. The chemical composition and properties of nickel alloy Inconel 718 are considered. A deposition method using relatively inexpensive laser systems and a 6-axis welding robot is proposed. A schematic diagram of the process using vertical wire feeding, melted by two laser beams with circular laser oscillation.

The laser beam sweep was chosen on the basis of the condition of ensuring symmetrical distribution of the heat source relative to the point of wire input into the cladding area to further ensure more favourable conditions for cladding in different directions and to ensure conditions for minimising heat input while maintaining cladding productivity. The wire feeding speed for each investigated mode was chosen experimentally based on the condition of sufficient thermal power of the combined heat source to melt the fed wire volume.

Single-tracks of 80 mm length were made in order to study the influence of laser power and print head speed on the formation of rolls from Inconel 718 nickel alloy. The influence of cladding parameters on the geometry of single-pass tracks has been studied. The dependence of width and height of single tracks on power and deposition speed has been established.

Investigation of the possibility to provide protection of the deposition area by means of argon purging through the standard system of the laser head did not show positive results.

The result of the study was the determination of optimal parameters of the preliminary deposition mode for additive laser-wire growth of nickel alloy billets. Regression models of dependence of width and height of rollers on laser radiation power and speed of print head movement are constructed.

Keywords: Nickel alloy Inconel 718, laser-wire additive manufacturing, heat input level, technological parameters, bead formation, highly concentrated heating source, additive manufacturing, laser power, deposition speed, bead geometry.

Ilya S. Khomutinin (Perm, Russian Federation) – postgraduate student, Department of Welding Production, Metrology and Materials Technology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (Russian Federation, 614990, 29, Komsomolsky prospect, Perm, Russian Federation, e-mail: khomutininIlya@yandex.ru).

Stepan V. Varushkin (Perm, Russian Federation) – Ph. D. in Technical Sciences Department of Welding Production, Metrology and Materials Technology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (Russian Federation, 614990, 29, Komsomolsky prospect, Perm, Russian Federation, e-mail: stepan.varushkin@mail.ru).

Denis V. Stashkov (Perm, Russian Federation) – postgraduate student, Department of Welding Production, Metrology and Materials Technology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (Russian Federation, 614990, 29, Komsomolsky prospect, Perm, Russian Federation, e-mail: stashkov.1999@mail.ru).

Dmitry N. Trushnikov (Perm, Russian Federation) – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Welding Production, Metrology and Materials Technology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (Russian Federation, 614990, 29, Komsomolsky prospect, Perm, Russian Federation, e-mail: trdimitr@yandex.ru).

German A. Batrov (Perm, Russian Federation) – student, Department of Welding Production, Metrology and Materials Technology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (Russian Federation, 614990, 29, Komsomolsky prospect, Perm, Russian Federation, e-mail: nos-noskov@mail.ru).

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Information is provided on the properties of new generation steels – S355MS and S550MS, which are hardened at the stages of metallurgical production due to microalloying and heat treatment of sheet metal. The possibility and features of using such steels for the manufacture of parts by cold sheet stamping are shown. The characteristic types of defects observed on two stamped parts of the car are given. Comprehensive studies of sheet metal and parts have been performed, including analysis of the structural and phase state, strength and ductility of the metal. The occurrence of metal breaks on the surface of the parts is facilitated by defects present on the edge of the workpieces inherited from the cutting operations of the sheet metal. Profilographic studies of the plane of the sheet metal and the edges of the workpieces after cutting them out of the sheet on a press and guillotine, as well as after laser cutting, were performed. It is shown that the largest accumulation of various defects is observed on the edge of blanks obtained by cutting on a press, the smallest after laser cutting. A profilographic study of the roughness parameters of the edges of the workpieces was performed. It is proposed to structure the profilogram into separate elements in the form of depressions with different geometric parameters and levels of their nesting. Based on the results of the analysis of individual elements of the profilogram, the shape and dimensions of the formed stress concentrators were revealed. A technological metal bending test has been developed to assess the crack resistance of high-strength steels subjected to cold sheet stamping. In the central part of the sample (sample), an artificial stress concentrator is applied by milling, which in shape and size corresponds to the most dangerous defect obtained at the edge of the workpiece. It was found that the bending of the developed and manufactured sample, in comparison with standard samples, shows a greater sensitivity of the sample to crack formation. These test samples are successfully used to prevent cracking of sheet material in various cold forming operations.

Keywords: high-strength steel, mechanical properties, structure, sheet metal, cold stamping, profilogram, technological test, microalloying, machine parts, metal defects, stress concentrator.

Vladimir I. Astashchenko (Naberezhnye Chelny, Russian Federation) – Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences (68/19, Prospekt Mira, Naberezhnye Chelny, 423812, Russian Federation, e-mail: astvi-52@mail.ru).

Damir T. Safarov (Naberezhnye Chelny, Russian Federation) – Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences (68/19, Prospekt Mira, Naberezhnye Chelny, 423812, Russian Federation, e-mail: Safarov-dt@mail.ru).

Tatyana V. Shveeva (Naberezhnye Chelny, Russian Federation) – Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences (68/19, Prospekt Mira, Naberezhnye Chelny, 423812, Russian Federation, e-mail: asttv@mail.ru).

Tatyana V. Sochenko (Naberezhnye Chelny, Russian Federation) – postgraduate student (68/19, Prospekt Mira, Naberezhnye Chelny, 423812, Russian Federation, e-mail: stv09@mail.ru).

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The article is devoted to the consideration of the conditions of interaction of the working surfaces of friction pairs of friction units designed for smooth transmission of torque and for smooth deceleration of mechanisms. The author justified the choice of material for the manufacture of the pressure plate of a friction clutch and the brake disk of a disc brake for mechanical engineering. This material is high-manganese austenitic steel, which is convenient for the manufacture of a pressure plate of a friction clutch and a brake disc of a disc brake by mold casting or hot stamping, followed by mechanical processing by hardening flat and cylindrical grinding to specified geometric dimensions and roughness class.

The author proposes a mathematical model of hardening grinding of the working surfaces of the pressure disk of a friction clutch and the brake disk of a disc brake, which takes into account the patterns of the deformation-hardening effect of abrasive grains on the surface being processed. When developing a mathematical model, a sphere was adopted as the shape of the bound abrasive grains, which is based on the widespread use of electrocorundum with a spherical shape of abrasive grains. It is also accepted that abrasive grains have a deforming effect on the processed surface of high-manganese austenitic steel, independent of other abrasive grains.

Based on the results of a numerical experiment, the author established the patterns of the deformation effect of abrasive grains on the processed surface, taking into account the parameters of the abrasive material and the material of the processed surface, as well as taking into account the hardening grinding modes. The article shows the possibility of choosing rational modes of the grinding process that ensure strain hardening of the machined surface of the friction clutch pressure plate and the brake disk of a disc brake according to the patterns of the deformation effect of abrasive grains on the machined surface obtained during a numerical experiment. Strain hardening of the working surfaces of the pressure disk of a friction clutch and the brake disk of a disc brake, intended for mechanical engineering and machine tool construction, can improve the performance characteristics of such friction units and extend their service life.

Keywords: hardening grinding, abrasive grain, strain hardening, hardening coefficient, friction clutch, pressure disk, brake disc, disc brake, high-manganese austenitic structure, mathematical model.

Vladimir A. Voytenko (Lugansk, Russian Federation) – Ph. D. in Technical Sciences, Head of Micro- and Nanoelectronics Department, Vladimir Dahl Lugansk State
University (20A, Molodezhnyy kvartal, Lugansk, 291034, Russian Federation, e-mail: vlvoytenko@gmail.com).

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