The process of genesis, further formation and development of myth as one of the forms of worldview helps to trace the patterns of the native culture, the system of people’s perception of certain values and events. Since the mythology of the United States has a fairly strong connection with the personality of the cultural hero it is especially important to understand the logic of personalist mythogenesis. An attempt to show the specificity of mythogenesis and the evolution of one of the most famous American “traditional” hero’ image – Paul Bunyan has been made in the article. The author defines the stages of Paul Bunyan’s image-building, the patterns of evolution of his image and distinguishes his specificity as cultural hero. The main purpose of this article is to identify the specifics of the mythogenesis and evolution of Paul Bunyan’s image as one of the key cultural hero in the United States of America. This goal is achieved by defining specifics of the image of Paul Bunyan as a traditional anthropic image of the cultural hero of the United States on one hand and by establishing the stages of formation and the patterns of evolution of the image on the other hand. Using such methods as historical-genetic approach and phenomenology the author distinguishes basic schemes of genesis of American heroic myth as national variant of mythology. This goal is achieved by discovering the similarities and differences in the images of famous lumberjack and traditional cultural heroes. The combination of external and internal aspects of the myth formation as well as the use of the methodological basis of history, religion studies and psychology helps the author to consider in detrail the formation of the American heroic anthropic myth of Paul Banyan as the myth involving  different heroic styles. The main stages of development of Paul Bunyan’s  heroic myth have been considered in the article: from spontaneous oral tradition and articles in newspapers to popularization of Paul Bunyan’s image in American culture. The above mentioned facts allow drawing a conclusion about parallels between image of Paul Bunyan and traditional image of cultural hero with his specific way of formation. The author concludes that Paul Bunyan as the national hero of the USA absorbs the main features of the national ideal. The research presents a detailed analysis of the specifics of Paul Bunyan's image as an anthropomorphic cultural hero created in the framework of the mythology of the United States of America and shows the features and stages of image evolution over several periods of American history..

Keywords: Paul Bunyan, mythology, USA, mythogenesis, national mythology, USA culture, frontier culture, anthropic myth, cultural hero.

Rodion N. Logvinov - Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russian Federation

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The article presents the results of the theoretical and substantive reconstruction of “Enlightened Islam” concept of Seyran Ates, a well-known Islamic activist of modern Germany. Also the importance of this concept in the present-day conditions has been estimated. S.Ates insists on the renewal of Islam, the modern interpretation of its norms with the help of a historical-critical approach, de-Shariatization, and Relativization of the former religious norms in a secular society.

The proposed article is one of the first experiments in theoretical understanding of the social and religious views of Islamic feminists in Germany, and S.Ates in particular, in foreign and Russian science. The findings are important not only for evaluating the intellectual resources of the ideologists of modern Islamic reformism in the West, but also in terms of possible options for mediation between the social majority and the Moslim community in order to harmonize further the integration processes in Europe.

At the end of the article it is concluded that in relation to the theoretical developments of S.Atesh it is difficult to talk about the integral concept of "Enlightened" Islam. The proposed concept is largely a logical continuation of the “Euroislam” of B.Tibi, however, with a feminist adjustment, greater attention to the issues of gender equality and religious freedom. It fits well with the so-called Liberal Islamic discourse. Most of her concepts are not original and unique, and some of the blocks can hardly pretend to be logical, reasonable and evidence-based judgments. The knowledge of S.Ates in the doctrine of Islam is not deep and limited. Her religious consciousness is eclectic, and religious practice is far from classical Islamic understanding due to the elementary ignorance of its basic foundations. Separate views of S.Ates (the institutionalization of Islam, the teaching of religion at school) have changed significantly over the past decade. The greatest contribution to the Islamic theory and significance of her social activity are connected not with the theoretical, but with the practical background, with her active public work on the adaptation of Islam to European norms. The conclusion is made about the approval of a new type of religious leaders - self-made people without appropriate professional education. Amateurs become pioneers in the Reform Movement, provided they enter the public mainstream.

Keywords: Seyran Ates, Enlightened Islam, Islamic Renewal, Liberal Islam, Islamic reformism, Islamic Feminism, Modernization of Islam, Germany.

Albina V. Mikhaleva - Perm Federal Research Center of Ural division of Russian academy of sciences, Perm, Russian Federation

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The article is devoted to Giorgio Agamben’s theological genealogy of economics and management. The purpose of the article is to reveal the key provisions of Italian philosopher’s genealogical project and to outline possible directions for its expansion and deepening. The starting point of Agamben’s arguments is the recognition of the total economization of all aspects of social life in the West. However, the triumph of economics and management in the Western culture should not be viewed as a result of the development of the sphere of production and administration, but as the result of centuries-old theological disputes about divine oikonomia. Agamben’s research is built up as a critical dialogue with the political theology of Karl Schmitt and the concept of secularization of Max Weber. According to Agamben, Schmitt rightly saw the origins of modern political categories in Christian theology, but overlooked the topic of oikonomia, which was once the main topic of Trinitarian discussions and played an important role in the fate of the West. Weber, for all his sensitivity to economic and theological issues, too unilaterally understood secularization, seeing in it a simple “disenchantment of the world”. In turn, Agamben himself, focusing on the methods of Foucault's archeology, the theory of Benjamin’s dialectic images and Derrida’s deconstruction, seeks to consider secularization, rather, in the optics of language and linguistics. For him, the process of secularization is a shift of the signature, that is, the displacement or expansion of the scope of theological concepts to areas not originally characteristic of them – rhetoric, natural science, politics and economics. Secularization understood in this way means that the theological content of categories that has been ousted to the periphery continues to affect profane culture and set in motion the basic mechanism of the functioning of Western societies, which Agamben calls “bipolar machine of Kingdom and Government”. The main task of Agamben’s genealogy is precisely to trace the history of the displacement of theological signatures in such a way that at each stage of semantic modulation the action of this “bipolar machine” is invariably exposed. For the implementation of his project, Agamben attracts a wide philosophical and theological material – from treatises of classical ancient authors to works of modern theologians. However, outside his field of vision (it is possible that this is a deliberate step) remains the text of the Old Testament. Meanwhile, according to the the author’s opinion, just from the Old Testament the main motives of the future binary theology of Kingdom and Government which keeps the “economy of mystery” and the “mystery of economy” take their origin.

Keywords: Giorgio Agamben, theological genealogy, oeconomy, Kingdom, Government, Glory, bipolar machine, salvation, Messiah, inoperativity, secularization.

Kirill V. Prozumentik - Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russian Federation

1. Novalis. Fragmenty [Fragments]. Saint Petersburg, Vladimir Dal`, 2014, 319 p.
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The article is devoted to the study of the history of Old Belief in the Komi-Permyatskiy Okrug of the Perm region. Orthodoxy was the dominant religion of the district and it continuous to be the same now. Despite the strong position of the Russian Orthodox Church Old Believers appeared in the district in XVIII-XIX centuries.

Special general research of the Old Belief spreading in the district was not undertaken earlier. It had only been studied the history of a few territorial groups. The author of the article touches upon such problems as the time of appearance and existence of religious trends in the designated area, the number of their adherents and the places of settlement, the present state. The article is important for the understanding of modern religious attitudes and ethno-cultural processes in the territory of Komi-Permyatskiy Okrug. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that it summarizes information about the Old Believers history of the whole district and identifies the general factors of distribution and existence of the “old faith” for that territory. Published sources, archival documents, periodicals data of field ethnographic research help to trace the indicated problem. The aim of this work is to describe the main stages of the Old Believers history in the territory of Komi-Permyatskiy Okrug and to determine the processes and tendencies typical for each period.

The research methodology is based on a combination of historical and ethnological approaches. The main methods are concrete historical method, genetic historical method, areal research method, analysis of statistical data.

The results of the study show that many changes in the life of the Old Believers in the district were caused by the general political and socio-economic conditions. Until the end of the XIX century the studied area was characterized by consolidation processes of different directions of the Old Belief and the increase of its followers’ number. At the beginning of the 20th century the Old Believers had good prospects for development. The events after 1917 led them to the “fading”. Of the three most numerous settlements of the Old Believers only one currently shows the revival processes. However, the Old Believers significantly influenced the traditions of the local population.

Keywords: Komi-Permyatskiy Okrug, Old Belief, Edinoverie, Old Believers’ Church, Komi-Permyaks, Russian, belokrinitsky consent, religious identity.

Tatiana G. Goleva - Perm Federal Research Center of Ural division of Russian academy of sciences, Perm, Russian Federation

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11. Spisok naselennykh mest Permskoi gubernii 1904 goda [List of settlements in the Perm province in 1904]. Permʹ, Izdanie Permskogo gubernskogo zemstva, 1905, 526 p.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the deconversion memories of the women being the members of the League of Militant Atheists in the 20s – 30s. These stories are the testimonies of everyday life of simple peasants and workers at the end of XIXth – the first third of the XXth century; we find in it not only the information on the loss of religiosity but a story of a tough daily life, interesting facts on the religious life of the pre- and post-revolutionary Russia. It is really impossible to eliminate completely external (official) influence on such a religious narrative; these materials require careful source-study work, special criteria of authenticity. The application of the tools of J. Barbour shows us that the structure of the script of deconversion in narratives corresponds to the proposed author's model. In these stories there are almost all the criteria for deconversion: loss of religious experience, intellectual doubts, criticism – only descriptions of emotional suffering are absent. The texts themselves, although they belong to the godless, are, in fact, not atheistic, but anticlerical, and the lack of faith here is a social product – it is a reaction to the clergyman, the transformation of society and turmoil in the state. These memories show us why, despite the pressure of the Soviet State, religiosity among women had been kept, and how there appeared a special deconversion narrative which would be typical for the whole Soviet period.

Keywords: deconversion, religious circulation, religious narrative, atheism, religious socialisation, disaffiliation, conversion, secularization.

Тatiana А. Folieva - St.Tikhon's Orthodox University, Moscow, Russian Federation

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The relevance of researching of the topic of the article is important because of Sufism has followers around the world nowadays. Adherents of Sufism have also appeared in Russian society  after the global changes of 1980-90-ies and the rejection of atheism ideology.

A kind of Sufism – ishanism - was widespread in Volga-Ural region in the pre-revolutionary period (before 1917) and remained until the mid-twentieth century.

In Perm region repressions against Muslims, among whom were followers of ishanism, were particularly cruel in the 1930s, and in 1948 there were arrested Muslims accused as participants of "anti-Soviet organization of ishanism."

The purpose of the article is to study the reading circle of Perm Sufis on the basis of the investigation case of the "anti-Soviet organization of ishanism" 1948. The Article is devoted to the literature used for prayers and reading at the meetings of the murids at the postwar period, when the religious life of the Muslim population intensified.

The analyzed literature was seized as "material evidence", and was discussed during the investigation interrogations of the arrested murids.

After this research it was able to conclude that in the home libraries of Perm followers of ishanism various prayer books, literature, which was giving the basics of the Muslim faith, Sufi books: the Sufi prayers and Zikr, practical guide to the healing took the large place.

Keywords: sufism, ishanism, spiritual literature, healing, Perm Krai, prayers, zikr, ishan, murid.

Gulsina D. Selyaninova - Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation

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One of the local new religions which arose in the territory of Perm Krai and did not go beyond its limits as the generator of the "national divinity" became the center of this research. "The national divinity" is understood as a result of remifologization of religious statements of the Christianity which spread among believers. The main source of doctrinal changes is the individual interpretation based on the search of new meanings and determined by the low level of initial literacy. The expression form of the "national divinity" comes under influence of mythological perception of the world and inherits from it plots and images. The new system of representations, meanings and values exists only through perception of subject, correlation of personal religious experience with initial norms and canonical principles. The God's Family church is considered as one of sources of new "national divinity" in religious space of the region. Its doctrine has two lines of development: theological, connected with understanding of the Divine, and prophetic-messianic projects. Development of new interpretation of Christianity happens parallel to the stages of church existence and is caused by organizational and doctrinal changes. There are four stages of the religious organization development, three of which fall on time of life of new prophet and the fourth lasts so far and is connected with the appearance of new leader of church. At each stage the correction of basic provisions of the doctrine connected with the founder of the church status growth took place. New theological provisions are complemented with a set of the mythological elements which includes traditional and new religious myths. The approval of exclusiveness of Russia, of the Urals and new community of believers as the place of a new kind of people formation becomes the center of new mythology. The separate mythological project is connected with formation of the sacred biography of the prophet during his life and after death. Coming of new leader inspires mythological justification of leader’s replacement. The set of new statements transforms "national divinity" into the folklore narration with synthesis of traditional and modern myths.

Keywords: Christianity, new religious movements, Kama region, God's Family church, national divinity, archaic myth, modern myth.

Svetlana V. Ryazanova -  Perm Federal Research Center of Ural division of Russian academy of sciences, Perm, Russian Federation
Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russian Federation

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The author of the article investigates publications in the periodical edition of the International Union of Evangelical Christian-Baptist Churches (IUCEC Baptist) - «Vestnik istiny» (The Herald of Truth) over 2011-2018. The subject of the study is the coverage of contemporary problems in these issues. Three topics based on the textual analysis were accented: the strategy of ghettoization of the cultural environment of the IUCEC Baptist Church, the Church's attitude to the initiatives of the state in the field of civil rights of believers, and the perception of the military conflict in the South-East of the Ukraine. The author shows that the Baptist issue presents the modern world as full of dangers and concerns. This attitude forms mainstream of the religious life of the Baptist Church, namely closeness inside the church. According to the interpretations of the Church Union leaders, modern state-church relations cause analogies with the anti-church "persecutions" of the Soviet period. The confrontation between "church and peace" is confirmed. An additional factor of social fears and cultural alienation of believers is the military-political conflict in the South-East of Ukraine. The situation in the communities of Lugansk and Donetsk regions is interpreted as difficult due to the departure of church members from the conflict zone and the credibility gap to believers in the post-war situation.

The rules articulated in the issue should be seen as an implementation of adaptive social technologies to the "dangerous" products of modern culture in the church life. Historical comparisons used in these texts should mobilize church members and unite congregations. When the military conflict in the South-East of Ukraine shows examples of the destruction of the community life and believers have to survive, Baptist church has strong test of the religious identity for its members and demonstrates the limits of cultural isolation for the separated brotherhood.

Keywords: Evangelical Christian-Baptist, the International Union of the Evangelical Christians-Baptists Churches (IUEC Baptist), the separated brotherhood, Council of Baptist Churches, «Vestnik Istiny», Evangelical Churches, modern world, relations between the state and the church.

Аleksey L. Glushaev - Perm State Institute of Culture, Perm, Russian Federation

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3. Programma bratstva – edinstvo na osnove chistoty [The fraternity program is a unity based on purity]. Vestnik Istiny, 2011, no. 1, pp. 24–26.

4. Bokova O.A. Teologiia rossiiskikh evangel`skikh khristian-baptistov na rubezhe XX i XXI vekov [The theology of Russian Evangelical Christians-Baptists at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries]. Ph. D. thesis. Saint Petersburg, 2011, 198 p.

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14. Otnoshenie chlenov tserkvi k vlasti [The attitude of church members to power]. Vestnik Istiny, 2016, no. 4, pp. 14–15.

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16. Antoniuk N.S. Pasti tserkov` Gospoda i Boga (otchetnyi doklad predsedatelia MSTS EKHB) [“To feed the church of God and God”]. Vestnik Istiny, 2017, no. 4, pp. 3–10.

17. Efremov G.S. Kantseliariia MSTS EKHB [The chancellery of the International Union of the Evangelical Christians-Baptists Churches]. Vestnik Istiny, 2017, no. 4, pp. 35–37.

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The article is based on analyzing in-depth interviews and participant observation data collected in the Orthodox and Orthodoxy-oriented social initiatives. The objective is to evaluate how effective the Orthodox projects are basing on their ability to transform social value system towards civil solidarity, social trust and mutual help. It has been found out that religious conversion of participants and clients is not the primary task of the social projects. Unlike charity of the past, the projects reject moral judgments, admitting that human behavior is determined by one’s position within the social system. Wishing to help other people, apart from theologically justified altruism, is also driven by looking for emotional response, self-understanding and personal development, appropriate social environment. These motivations taken together provoke the activists’ critical vision of contemporary society as of being not solidary. The author suggests that participation in the social initiatives is determined by willingness to restore social ties broken as a result of state and society collapse in the early 1990s conceived as historical fault. The conclusion is that density of social ties around the Orthodox projects gets thicker; new “construction sites” emerge in their proximity as the starting points for the new historical forms. The community of employees and volunteers is the first site; the community of activists and clients – the second. The third site is the impact of the project on society around it. The project demonstrates behavioral models based on solidarity and provokes the new communities to emerge, which spread similar values. Orthodox social work provides missionary impact which is unlike the previous historical period. In comparison with parishes the projects represent an alternative way of building social network.

Keywords: confessional social work, Orthodox social projects, volunteering, community, solidarity, mission, parish.

Anastasia V. Mitrofanova - Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russian Federation

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The article is devoted to the study of the modern city mythology. Different approaches to the study of mythology, concepts and methodological approaches to the study of mythogenesis are analyzed. Urban mythology acts as a part of the city anthropology, as a text opened for reading and creation of the new historical phenomenon. The urban myth describes the reality generated by a special way of human habitation which is modernized by the human consciousness embracing new phenomena and putting them into the space of mythological interpretation. Urban culture leaves traces on the mythological texts circulating in the public consciousness in the framework of everyday discourse and historical perspective. Appeared methologems are changed along with the urban space: the modern city gives rise to the corresponding myth. Any cultural phenomenon becomes a myth generator and forms specific mythologems defined by the characteristics of the city itself. A group in the social network vk dedicated to the topic of family education and actively constructing a specific set of mythologies has beens chosen as the object of study. Phenomenological approach has been used as a methodology. Its advantages consist mainly in the fact that in the analysis of narratives the reality of the respondents’ consciousness is considered in the inseparable connection of experience and memory. Reconfiguration of the past experience is manifested in the motifs of myth-making allowing to reveal the structure of mythogenesis. The religious component which is the integral part of the  modern culture is mainly realized in the idea of the like-minded persons’ unity. The value motive of this component is to implement a special way of educating their own children and thus opposing themselves to the majority of citizens. The secular component in this group of mythologems is realized at the level of public consciousness, in the presence of rational explanations, reliance on real observations, in the attempt to analyze the current situation. Thus, we are confronted with a complex text that includes myths not only about CO but also about ideal parenting and the ideal child, about school and teachers as the ideal historical projects.

It is suggested that the myth that exists in modern conditions becomes multifunctional, unconscious in its quality by its designers and translators.

Keywords: myth, mythology, city, urban culture, features of urban culture, Internet discourse, mythogenesis.

Ekaterina A. Borodinа - Perm State Institute of Culture, Perm, Russian Federation

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