The chapter on the transcendental method from the second edition of Hermann Cohenʼs Kantʼs Theory of Experience is presented here in a new Russian translation from German. For Cohen himself this chapter was of key importance. The project of a philosophical method that was conceived by the founder of the Marburg School of neo-Kantianism remains relevant up to the present time as far as the science of today, on its frontiers, needs a new methodology. The prolegomenous article “An Introduction to the Transcendental Method” contextualizes the first sketch of the method, drawn by Cohen in his Kantʼs Foundations of Ethics, for gaining more clarity. As the intelligible basis of objective reality and, in a narrower sense, as a theory concerning the foundations of that, the transcendental method has a reflexive nature betraying the classic theme of subject-object identity. This enables the transcendental method to be brought into correlation, on the one hand, with the Platonic traditionʼs methodical triad μονή – πρόοδος – ἐπιστροφή, and on the other with the Kantian “pure natural science” as a hypostasis sui generis of the method, for both of them prove to be on and about law of experience. The possibility of such twofold correlation comes about through the circumstance that the Kantian transcendental idea can be eventually identified with Platoʼs idea. With “deepening” Kant through Plato in such a way, Cohen rids the Kantian “illusion” of the myopia of sensibility and thereby turns the illusion into Platoʼs intellectual intuition. As well as the intellectualization of sensibility imports the status of categories to space and time, expanding further all categories to ideas (principles ending in maxims, appearances – in noumena), it imports also the expansion of the competence of mathematics and pure natural science over all possible experience that is no longer limited by sensibility. By joining speculative elements with mathematics and the observably given, the transcendental method can shape the “secure course of a science” for modern mathematical physics, and can do it even where the possible experience is inaccessibly far from being actualized, experimentally and observably realized.

Keywords: neo-Kantianism, Hermann Cohen, Kant, the transcendental method, apriorism, metaphysics, physics, mathematics, empirical realism.

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This article touches on the actual problems of formation conditions of media reality and principles of its cognition. The article is aimed at investigation of epistemological function of computer games. To achieve this goal it has been solved the problems of revealing changes introduced by conceptual-expressive language of computer games in symbolism and logics of technical devices orienting us in the environment and in the ways of our understanding and emotional experience of space and time. As well it determines the principles of cause-and-effect relations’ construction and the ways of retrieval of the world experience.By the methods of media-philosophy playing space and time is uncovered as interactive measuring, as solutions totality and as the universe of visible tasks and goals. It is opposed to the dictatorship of informational culture,
to the impersonal space-time created by high rates of communication technologies fuzzing the totality of emotions, individual identity and corporality of presence in the flow of information. Any game creates a virtual body from the available resource, namely from the affective-interactive models of involvement into activity and communication. We expect from computer games the similar effects as the ancient engineers expected from the self-moving toys, new European scientists saw in mechanical models and poets-romanticistssaw a game free from power-driven rules:through our subjection to computer games, through giving one’s body to technologies and one’s consciousness to digital interfaces we get unstaged experience – something higher in its reality than everything given by everyday life, something which is such topical that it may be presented only in virtual packing. The result of research shows that in the modern “digital universe” gamer is the way of living in the world, while computer game is the source of language making possible to create and describe the experience of media reality.

Keywords: epistemology, games, technology, time and space in computer games, mediaphilosophy, mediareality, interface, digital humanity, network communication, symbolic forms.

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The study aims to analyze the phenomenon of Chinese technocracy and to realize China's success in innovation policies of recent decades. Therefore the main terms – technocracy and technocracism – are clarified. In the first case, we are talking about a "technocrats’" claim to power (a certain social stratum, the scientific and technical elite, expert community). The second term is a theory of social development based on methodology of technological determinism that absolutizes technologies and technological changes and sees technology as the basis of social progress. In this regard, the question concerned correlation of technocratic ideals and democratic values arises. This allows a better understanding of development Technology Assessment (TA) in China as well as the RRI-approach (Responsible Research and Innovation). The RRI-approach is a comprehensive approach of co-design technology that takes into account values of society. Analysis of recent West European sources shows that connection between TA/RRI and democracy is not only historical imperative, but also necessary from systematic point of view. Technology assessment developed in the West more than 50 years ago to support opinions and decision-making on issues of scientific and technical democratic policy. Since then, it has been closely linked to democracy. It is necessary to point out that forecasts and scenarios of technological future must be pluralistic and involve the maximum number of participants not only the expert community and policy makers, but also laymen and ordinary people. We can reach such a "participatory turn" only in open, democratic society where there are many models of desirable future, and decision-making is carried out through a complex mechanism of social communications. The main question is whether TA/RRI are possible beyond Western European democracies and if so, how to bring theirs to life particularly in China. Is Chinese society ready to accept democratic ideas under authoritarian power based on technocratic ideals and one-party political system? These issues are especially relevant today when discussing development of Chinese "digital dictatorship" and the global crisis of democracy. The "Chinese case", in turn, provides new material for theoretical understanding of national TA/RRI models and the Russian one, in particular. In appendix we include the translation of article "The Benefits of Technocracy in China" by Chinese professor Liu Yongmou from Renmin University of China (Beijing). In the article he promotes the conceptual idea of a soft form of technocracy as the most relevant Chinese socio-political reality to respond to today's global challenges.

Keywords: technocracy, technocracism, deliberative democracy, engineers, technology assessment (TA), responsible research and innovation (RRI), national models of TA, participatory turn, Liu Yongmou.

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14. Grunwald A. Technikfolgenabschätzung und Demokratie. Notwendige oder kontingente Verbindung? TATuP – Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis. Karlsruhe, ITAS, München: oecom verlag, 2018, no. 27 (1), s. 40–45.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the "cross points" of two human activities - space and sports (first of all, the so called big-time sport) in the definite sphere of sports design, namely the design of outfit and uniform for the highest sports achievements. Thissubject is also considered as a part of the more profound context involving the problem of causation between material culture of space/exploration of space and material culture of people’s everyday life. Several cases from the sports of highest achievements and from the work of companies known for their expert examination of high-tech sports outfit production have become the basis of our studies. Within the framework of the articleit has been considered two main subjects: the exchange of technologies and expertise and the fact which could be defined as the "migration of images" in the field of aesthetic. As far as the author knows such attempts were not made in the Russian academic tradition. The subject of sports design itself in comparison with the other problems has been relatively undeveloped in the works of social research. Turning to this problem may contribute to such areas of studies as material culture of big-time sport, material culture of daily routine as well as world outlook and history-cultural aspects of space exploration.

As a result it is proposed to make a conclusionthat from the positions under consideration “space” in the field of sports design may figure both as the sphere associated with the front border of science and the most progressive development providing the best sports results, and as the resource of the ideas about the past.

Keywords: history of sport; material culture; material culture of sport; fashion studies; sports; space; sports outfit; design history; sport and fashion.

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The article is devoted to popular images of outer space, created by the media. On the one hand, the research and development of space exploration technologies, which began in the middle of the past century, were presented to the public in a heroic and futuristic manner and were welcomed.On the other hand, images of the "uncanny outer space" were found along with them, demonstrating frightening details of the possible dangers of outer space. The "uncanny outer space" image content, it’s cause and it’s spread consequences are the main research issues of the article. The above-mentioned issues are considered by the authors on examples of American Sci-Fi movies about Alien, namely the series of Ridley Scott movies: Alien (1979), Prometheus (2012), Alien: Covenant (Alien: Covenant, 2017). The authors investigate three episodes when Alien meets a man where the images of the "uncanny outer space" are presented: the Alien’s “birth” at the dinner table; detection of the "enemy" among the team members when it turns out that Ash, the science officer, is not a human, but an android; and the appearance of the Alien in the rescue capsule during Ripley’s preparations for hypersleep. The investigation of the "uncanny outer space" image, depicted in the subject films, focuses on the technical and biological aspects of the issue. The very notion of "uncanny" is reviewed in terms of relationof the “human” to the “non-human”, which allows us to discover that the "uncanny outer space" system is caused not by the fear of "cosmic void" and gathering the unknown. The human body, mind and identity when it comes to cosmic discourse become the reason for "uncanny outer space" image presentation while the outer space itself remains neutral. A sequential investigation of the films in chronological order also allows us to record the transformation of the "uncanny outer space"system related to the fear of biological invasion, typicalfor last third of the 20th century, to the fear of artificial intelligence technology that overcomes the threshold of human nature.

Keywords: outer space, uncanny, astroculture, media, Alien, uncanny outer space, anthropological, unhuman

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The late 1920-s was marked by the origination of heavy industry and tanks’ production in the Soviet Union. Home designers and engineering manufacturers were not able to realize this program independently. So, in the early 1930-s Soviet engineers headed by
I.A. Khalepsky, S.A. Ginsburg and other experts made several trips to the West countries (first of all, to Great Britain and to the USA) in order to purchase foreign armor and its technical documentation. Just those “purchasing commissions” created conditions for occurrence and development of industry producing tanks in the USSR.

But in those trips it was not purchased the engine powerful enough, which could meet the demands of tank-building and might be put into production. During the first decade armored industry experienced great shortage of it as well as of engine-building base. At that period of time native tanks were fitted with engine so flow power or with aviation engines (imported or domestically produced). Since 1932 the process of special tank diesel engine’s development began. Governing bodies and leaders of the Communist party demanded the exact development of diesel engine from the designers.Officially only in 1939 the development of the engine was finished. Till that moment tank building experienced constant deficit in equipping tanks with engines. New engine which was started to produce under V-2 index had potentially excellent characteristics: economical consumption of low-price fuel, high capacity and design reliability.

However, even after beginning of its manufacturing the problem of providing tank building production with engines appeared to be undecided. New assembly proved to be unfinished both structurally and technologically. There were too many defects making impossible for the engine to become valuable and reliable. Beside total uncertainty of the engine and its separate parts, cooling system and air leakage appeared to be idle which led to the machine’s breakage. And this fact became known in the process of the series manufacture. In spite of the original success the Soviet tank building could not realize the potential of V-2 up to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War (contrary to the preconceived idea). First of all, this happened due to the lack of industrial and human resources potential of the country. In the process of steady growth of production volume its functional performance was unreasonably low.

Keywords: economy, Soviet industry, industrialization, tank building, purchasing commissions, tanks, diesel engines, V-2, I.A. Khalepsky.

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5.   Koltiukov A.A. Stanovlenie oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa SSSR (1927–1937) [Formation of the Soviet military-industrial complex (1927-1937)]. Vol. 3. Part 2 (1933–1937). Moscow, « Izdatelstvo TERRA», 2011, 944 p.

6.   Sokolov A. K. Oboronno-promyshlennyi kompleks SSSR nakanune Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny (1938– iiun 1941 g.) [Defense-industrial complex of the USSR on the eve of the great Patriotic war (1938–June 1941) ]. Vol. 4. Moscow, Knizhnyi Klub Knigovek, 2015, 1120 p.

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In this article it is presented the history of the Soviet technocratic elite formation and changes. It has been affirmed that formation of the Soviet technocratic elite was made in three directions after 1917: formation of new Soviet technocratic intelligentsia, advancement of workers and peasants to the executive positions and involvement of old pre-revolutionary specialists. The process of “bourgeois specialists” transformation into technocratic elite wa snot developed as they were not admitted to political decision-making.

Formed in the late 1930-s, native technocratic elite gradually changed into one of the most influential group of the soviet society due to the impact of several objective factors. Formally it was the part of the single nomenclature but in fact there was the entire set of features which characterized it as the independent social unit. In the course of time contradictions between party’s nomenclature and executive personnel became more acute. Nevertheless, it is necessary to mention mutual influence and interaction of the party’s elite and technocracy. Technocracy’s conversion into the most important resource of the Party’s structures completion gradually influenced the management stylea nd the top level decisions. Domestic technocrats were successfully won by the CPSS; however it was the Pyrrhic victory.

In the 1980-s technocratic elite became the main subject of the social order transformation in our country. Most industrial management appeared to be the supporters of the existed social relations’ reforms. The first stage of the so called perestroika (“acceleration”) had the technocratic character. Immediate results of economic reforms of the 1980-s allowed domestic technocrats considerably making their positions strong. The pressure of industrial managers became the most important factor in the fina choice of privatization and adjustment of the Russian government course at the beginning of the 1990-s. Technocratic bureaucracy also came in between nomenclature and “democrats” in the process of new authoritative elites’ formation.

In the middle of the 1990-s domestic technocracy definitely cycled came back to the original point in a sense.

Keywords: technocratic elite, technocracy, industrial managers, power, nomenclature, perestroika, privatization.

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11.  Gelbreit D. Novoe industrialnoe obshchestvo [New industrial society]. Moscow, Progress, 1969, 480 p.

12.  Gaman-Golutvina O.V. Politicheskie elity Rossii [Political elites of Russia]. Moscow, Intellekt, 416 p.

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14.  Rukovodiashchie organy Tsentralnogo komiteta KPSS [The governing bodies of the Central Committee of the CPSU]. Izvestiia Tsentralnogo Komiteta Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soiuza, no. 1, pp.10-32.

15.  Ryzhkov N.I. Perestroika: istoriia predatelstv [Perestroika: a history of betrayal]. Moscow, Novosti, 1992, 400 p.

16.  Abalkin L.I. Neispolzovannyi shans [Unused chance]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1991, 304 p.

17.  Kryshtanovskaia O.V. Transformatsiia staroi nomenklatury v novuiu rossiiskuiu elitu [The transformation of the old nomenklatura into the new Russian elite]. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, 1995, no. 1, pp. 51-65.

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The analysis of technicratic elite’s transformation in Irkutsk region, one of most developed regions of Siberia and Far East. Besides famous raw materiel clusters (coal, wood, gold, ironore), such industries as wood chemistry, petrol chemistry, aviation and mining machinery manufacturing were preserved and continued to develop in the region in the nineties.

Economical and social importance of the region's industry has been determined by permanent influenceof industrial enterprises’ top managers and the heads of the infrastructure objects, i.e., regional technocratic eliteonthe policy of this area.Considerable part of technocracy has reserved political subjectivity on the regional level despite the significant changes in its composition, modifying rules of federal and regional legislature’s formation, appearance of new owners of companies and organizations as of vertically integrated holdings.

At the same time it is obvious that management system of industries deeply integrated in the world economy and having appropriate division of labor adoptedpromptly global rules of the game. Just due to this fact the leaders of such industries as wood chemistry, aluminium, ironeore and power engineeringhave lost their political and economic subjectivity and remained only as technical managers.

The topicallity of the article is conditioned by two aspects : 1) the presence of real crisis of managers’ professional competences in highly technological industries 2) finding the modern technocracy’s place in the system of realizing power functions.

The objective of this research is to reveal and analyze the main stages of technocratic elite transformation into business-elite, to define the its structure, the degree of its participation in realizing power functions and the level of its affiliation with the ruling bureaucracy.

Keywords: regional technocratic elite, Eastern Siberia, industry of Irkutsk region, business elite, vertically integrated holdings, Legislative Assembly.

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This article is about how the researchers from a Physical Research Institute of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building assert retrospectively their right to the space. It also deals with the right to the space, realized in discourse and implemented in the material. Discourse and the materiality of the nuclear-space program episode are well known to the experts but were not included into the Soviet space canon because of the security restrictions and lost struggle for the meaning. Hence it is an apocrypha. Right to the space is constructed as a fuzzy analogy to the right to the city. It is fuzzy because it applies the Lefebvre concept to the planetary scale of cosmic self-determination of mankind, the hope for liberation from geopolitical gravity and the experimental utopias of the era of techno-poetic exploration of space. The author contextualizes discursive strategies that physicists and their environment used to approve and confirm their right to the space research. She touches at the same time upon interconnections of the Soviet nuclear and space programs and the matrix of space studies in the city of nuclear research institutes, the profile of the reactor institute and the rhetorical burden of the Cold war. Five families of articulation of the right of nuclear scientists to the space, implemented by different ways in different scales and environments, are described.1) Inside the non-core research institute, the focus is on the enthusiasm network built around Tsiolkovsky, and on the development of space research infrastructure at the territory of atom .2) Interaction with rocket engineers and space firms of legendary Soviet space designers for physicists appears to be a contest for the best script of implementation of the impossible. 3) Inside the Soviet atomic agency struggle for the right to the space exists as a competition between Research Institutes for the championship and symbolic capital. 4) In the international nuclear-space debate the right of (Soviet) nuclear scientists to space is discussed in terms of radiation safety. 5) Finally, in their nuclear memoires physicists use a wide range of modalities of involvement - from pioneer liveliness to space skepticism - to articulate their own right to the space and to provide expert advice on space investigation. The article is written in the course of the Obninsk project and is based on its materials, as well as a corpus of historical overviews, nuclear memoirs, research interviews and published documents related to the history of the nuclear-space program of Institute for Physics and Power Engineering (Obninsk) in the 1950s - 1980s years.

Keywords: social nuclear studies, right to the space, experimental utopia, research institute of Sredmash, nuclear-space program, facilities, nuclear memoirs, rhetorical strategies, Obninsk space.

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In the article it has been considered the fashion for air and space journey in the tradition of George Simmel’s ideas, i.e. as a social phenomenon, expressed in people's desire to join aeronautical and space flight the possibility of which appeared along with the invention of aeronautical and space technology. In the first part of the article it has been shown specific features of fashion on balloon flightsin different layers of the European society of the late 18-19th centuries. It is shown that till the end of the 19th century the Europeans imagined the balloon flight as a possible way of traveling into space. In the second part of the article the authors using a large number of historical documents demonstrate that in the first years of aviation development the image of an airplane in advertisements, postcards, labels, etc. appeared to be the response of the public enthusiasm for airplanes and aviators, and that the main trend of "aero fashion" emerged from the people’s desire to imitate aviators. In the final section it has been discussed the fashion for the space flights existed from the launch of the first artificial satellite to the day of Gagarin’s flight. The essential difference of space flight from that of the balloons and airplanes is indicated. It has been shown that unlike European countries Soviet fashion in costume was hardly affected by space flights, and the conventional image of the "Soviet man" remained unchanged. It is concluded that fashion for flying balloons and then airplanes lasted tillballoons and airplanes affected people’s deep, associated with the flight, intuition.The authors substantiated the assumption that fashion for space flights will undergo modification but never become a thing of the past.

Keywords: fashion and space flight, space flight’s science of culture, history of aeronautics, history of aviation, fashion history, flight and imagination, technology in culture

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Photographs of the first Soviet cosmonauts published in such periodicals of that time as "Ogonyek", "Soviet photo", "Soviet Union", "Soviet woman", "Peasant woman" and etc. have been analyzed in this article. Also the author shows cultural features of these representations. Though the problem of outer space exploration attracts many people it should be statedthat the number of works concerning its researchis small. Particularly, there is a lack of studies dedicated to the media conditionality of cosmonauts’ images, including the circulation of them in the magazines of the so called Thawperiod. If such magazines as "Ogonyek" and "Soviet Photo" could be found as the resource of studies nowadays, other editions oriented, for example, to the Soviet women, are practically unexplored. In this research it has been made the attempt to examine the images of cosmonauts in the context of the magazine and considering its special features. In this study special attention is payed to the format of publications, to the comparison of the text and the image, to the browse mode of pictures, to their place in the periodical.

Several intercrossed aspects connected with representations have been revealed in the article: corporality, the role of media, demonstration of the “family principle” in relations between cosmonauts as well as the construct of "the singularity of ordinary person” which often figures in the description of cosmonauts (especially of Gagarin). The combination of these semantic points makes possible to speak about the appearance of the other type of the Soviet hero, different from Stalin's aviators and Stakhanovites.

The new imagery finds its basis not only in the change of political climate but it is also associated with the changes in the media sphere during the period of Thaw. The increased number of the printed matter, enlarged editionsand a turn towards visuality promoted the popularization of images of cosmonauts and in many respects determined their canonization within the framework of the Soviet culture.

Keywords: cosmonauts, Thaw, photography, media, Soviet magazines, periodicals, sixties, representation, Gagarin, "Ogonyek", "Soviet photo", "Soviet Union", "Soviet woman", "Peasant woman"

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