The article is devoted to the problem of organizing the production of Maxim heavy machine guns for the Red Army in 1941-1942 in the conditions of evacuation and involvement of mobilized civilian enterprises in the production of weapons. The purpose of the study is to formulate a scientifically based answer about the reasons for the acute shortage of heavy machine guns in the Red Army in the winter of 1941-1942 and the continuation of the crisis situation during 1942. This issue has not been fully reflected in domestic historiography. The article examines the production of Maxim machine guns at three enterprises: in Tula, in evacuation in Zlatoust, and at a motorcycle plant mobilized for the production of machine guns in Izhevsk. Each enterprise required its own emergency measures to establish rhythmic production, both organizational, personnel and technological. Evacuation became a huge problem due to the fact that the relocation of equipment far inland was not accompanied by the adequate number of personnel from Tula to operate this equipment. As a result, there was a shortage of specialistslin Zlatoust, and the remaining personnel in Tula found themselves deprived of equipment. To some extent, the production of Maxim machine guns in besieged Leningrad and its features is touched upon. The role of spare parts from the GAU warehouses of the Red Army in the production of Maxim machine guns during the crisis period is shown. In addition to the quantitative aspect, the quality of manufactured machine guns is taken into account, since the increase in production rates in 1942 was accompanied by a decrease in the quality of Maxim machine guns supplied to the troops. The research is based on the documents of the TzAMO and the RGAE archives.

Keywords:

Great Patriotic War, Red Army, Maxim Machine Gun, L.P. Beria, weapon.

Alexey V. Isaev – Candidate of Sciences (History), Head of Laboratory of Military Economics History, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2983-8184, e-mail: alex.v.isaev@gmail.com.

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The evacuation of the Leningrad Mint to Krasnokamsk during the Great Patriotic War remains a relatively little-studied episode in the history of the enterprises’ evacuation to the Molotov Region. This is due both to the relatively recent declassification of the enterprise documentation and to the weak interest of researchers in this issue. The work of the Krasnokamsk Museum of Local Lore with documents from Perm and St. Petersburg archives allows us to conclude that the evacuation of the Leningrad Mint to the Urals and the organization of the awards production in Krasnokamsk were complex and difficult processes. The issuance of awards during the Great Patriotic War required the efforts of the enterprise's employees in conditions of a lack of production space, qualified labor, raw materials, and tools. One of the most important problems throughout the entire period of the enterprise operation in Krasnokamsk was the low qualifications of young workers, who often made mistakes in their work. Despite the difficult production conditions, the constantly growing plan, changes in technical parameters and the nomenclature of orders, the enterprise constantly increased labor productivity, became the winner of social competition, and introduced innovations – in particular, it switched to stamping complex awards. The result of the heroic work of the enterprise in Krasnokamsk was the production of more than 2.5 million finished orders and medals, more than 9 million semi-finished award products, more than 10 million copies of special products, as well as about 750 million coins of various denominations and 78 types of award products that appeared during the Great Patriotic War. 

Keywords:

evacuation, Leningrad Mint, Krasnokamsk, orders, medals, coin issue, Goznak JSC, Great Patriotic War, Molotov region, Goznak Paper Mill.

Elena S. Girko – Chief Curator of the museum pieces, e-mail: grck@mail.ru.

Tatyana R. Semakina – Director, e-mail: muzei.krasnokamsk@yandex.ru.

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It is still an impossible task for domestic historiography to describe all aspects of such a large-scale relocation of over half of technical and technological resources as well as a third of the population of the Soviet Union from the West to the East of the country during the Great Patriotic War. The illusion of this topic’s "completeness" was dispelled by the inclusion of previously inaccessible documentary sources. An after-effect of evacuation was the development of the Eastern regions of the country, which served as a background for the economic base of the Soviet Union that, among other things, won an economic victory over the Nazi Germany. General papers devoted to evacuation pay a great attention to the Urals, but many important particulars connected with the Molotov Region (Perm Krai at present) and especially with Molotov City (Perm at present) have not often been the subject of close attention of researchers. The article attempts to systematically reconstruct the picture of evacuation to Molotov (Perm) which was a major destination point in relocation of enterprises, institutions, population, and cultural treasures in 1941-1942. Based on the analysis of new documentary sources, the paper elaborates both on the process of enterprise evacuation and the effects of new manufacturing capacities for the development of the military-industrial complex of the Soviet Union taking Molotov, an important industrial center, as an example. Thorough reconstruction of the evacuation process to Molotov has opened new unfamiliar pages of evacuation history during the Great Patriotic War. 

Keywords:

Evacuation Council, Evacuation Committee, evacuation point, evacuation, State Defense Committee, people's commissariats, Regional Communist Party Committee, Regional Executive Committee, District Executive Committee, numbered defense plants.

Michael G. Nechayev – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Docent,
Associate Professor of the Department of Public Administration and History,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4798-7573, e-mail: mgn4@mail.ru.

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The historical experience of industrial evacuation and integration of the arrived equipment into the economy of the rear territories is of undoubted research interest. A historiographical review has shown that the problem of placing and commissioning relocated industrial equipment in evacuation sites has not been a topic of special research. The study was conducted on the basis of archival documents of the Evacuation Council, Gosplan, correspondence of People's Commissariats with the Communist Party and state organizations. The article analyzes the problems faced by the industry of the rear regions in 1941-the spring of 1942 in connection with the arrival of factories and equipment from the front line to the evacuation destinations. During the study, the following problems were identified: incompleteness and sometimes poor safety of the arrived equipment, the unavailability of industrial sites to receive large enterprises due to insufficient industrial infrastructure, and lack of labor for unloading and installing the machinery. It was noted that during the restoration of arrived enterprises, priority was given to the defense industry plants. The article discusses ways to overcome the difficulties that arose: a mechanism was established for obtaining resources stored in evacuation bases; industrial construction was carried out both on the territories of existing factories and on sites occupied by educational, commercial, cultural, etc. organizations; intersectoral cooperation was arranged, involving the exchange of raw materials and equipment; non-standard management solutions were applied. It is concluded that with a tightly centralized vertical of power, the start-up of evacuated industrial equipment was more successful where the directors’ corps and regional leaders showed independence and initiative.

Keywords:

industrial evacuation, Great Patriotic War, industrial enterprise, Ural, Soviet rear, Evacuation Council, industrial infrastructure, economic history.

Marina N. Potemkina – Doctor of Sciences in History, Professor, Department of World History;
Senior Researcher, Center for Economic and Social History,
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7056-1258, e-mail: mpotemkina@mail.ru

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Moses Abramovich Dlugach is one of those wartime leaders who are called Generals of Industry: a metallurgical engineer, director of the largest machine-building enterprises, and a high-ranking party organizer. Despite the bright mark left by M.A. Dlugach in Leningrad (1940-42) and the Urals (1943), the available information about his career is very fragmentary, and some data are false. The purpose of the publication is to reconstruct the life and work path of the honored industry figure, evaluate his contribution to the cause of Victory, and show the features of the USSR industry management in the 1940s using the work of M.A. Dlugach  as an example.. The publication is based on materials from the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documents of St. Petersburg: personal files of leaders, memos on the organization of production and evacuation from Leningrad, and transcripts of speeches.

For five years M.A. Dlugach worked his way up from a foundry technician to the sectoral secretary of the Leningrad City Communist Party Committee. With the outbreak of the war, a significant share of responsibility for organizing the production of new types of weapons fell on his shoulders. After the evacuation of the tank and artillery production of the Kirov Plant, carried out under his leadership, M.A. Dlugach headed the remaining dispersed in the city workshops of the enterprise, being the Kirov Plant Director from the end of 1941 to the beginning of 1943. In 1943, he headed the Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant for about six months, and was later transferred to Chirchik. As the Director of the Chirchik plant Sredazkhimmash, he took part in the implementation of the Nuclear Project. Upon returning to Leningrad in 1948, he no longer held high positions, returning to the profession of a metallurgical engineer. At the peak of his career, M.A. Dlugach invariably found himself in the most important areas of work - he was responsible for the Leningrad mechanical engineering, for the production of tanks in the Urals and of heavy water for nuclear reactors. Contribution of M.A. Dlugach to maintaining the defense capability of the USSR should not be forgotten.

Keywords:

M.A. Dlugach, Kirov Plant, Leningrad, blockade, evacuation, Chelyabinsk, Chirchik, nuclear project, heavy water.

Andrei M. Ryabkov – Researcher, Researcher at the Laboratory of Contemporary History,
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3306-1382, e-mail: andrejryabkov@yandex.ru. 

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The history of the functioning and development of the domestic military-industrial complex is one of the little-studied pages of the military history of Russia. One of its aspects is the history of the national institute of military acceptance.

This publication reveals the experience of organizing quality control and acceptance of mortars and mines by the military representation of the Red Army Main Artillery Directorate at the Kuznetsk Textile Machinery Plant (Plant No. 748) in 1941–1943. The main problems faced by production in the second half of 1941 are characterized. The measures implemented by the enterprise and the military representation in the first period of the war, which were aimed at expanding the manufacture of military products as well as reducing their defects, are analyzed and evaluated.

Historical-genetic and systemic methods were used in the preparation of the publication. Statistical method was applied as an auxiliary one.

It is concluded that during the war, the military representative office was forced to deal with both quality control and acceptance of military products and assistance to the enterprise in mastering the production of mortars and mines. Military inspectors had to balance the need to increase the manufacture of military products and maintain their quality at the proper level. By the end of 1942, the production of military products at Kuztextilmash was established. According to the author, plant No. 748 and the city of Kuznetsk itself made a significant contribution to the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War.

Keywords:

Kuznetsk Textile Machinery Plant, Kuztextilmash, Plant No. 748, Kuznetsk, Oryol Textile Machinery Plant, Klintsovsky Textile Machinery Plant, military acceptance, military representative office, quality control, mines, mortars, Main Artillery Directorate, People's Commissariat of Mortar Weapons, Great Patriotic War (1941–1945).

Ilya A. Sergievskiy – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Research Institute (Military History);
Advisor, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5432-3452, e-mail: Voenpred1991@yandex.ru.

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The paper outlines the engineering activity of the Special Design Bureau No. 43 (OKB-43, Leningrad) during its 1941-1945 evacuation to the Mari El Republic (Yoshkar-Ola City).

The relevance of the research is explained by the absence of special generalizing works on this topic and the need to introduce into scientific practice the materials of state and departmental archives, which had not been published before and were declassified only due to the application of the authors in 2023.

Consistent identification and study of the materials and also collating documents with the preserved hardware specimens enable comprehending the contribution of this design organization to the development of the USSR military technology in the 1940s as well as forming a view of the place and importance of that period in the OKB-43 activity.

To address the specified task, it was necessary to identify and analyze the main development lines of the 1940s compared to the 1930s, the previous stage in the organization activity. In particular, the reasons for the change in the type of the experimental design works of the bureau were indicated.

The conducted research disclosed and systematized a list of the major development works of the period. Prominent among the accomplished projects are cannonry, attachments of weapons for the fortified areas, anti-aerial and marine attachments, small arms, machine-gun mounts, mobile personal and collective armored protection equipment, etc.

The conclusion is drawn about the significance of this stage for the general development and activity of the OKB-43 in creating airborne guns and weaponry of the USSR.

Keywords:

M.N.Kondakov, Special Design Bureau No. 43, OKB-43, airborne guns, evacuation, artillery, machine gun, machine-gun mounts, installations.

Rimma A. Timofeeva – Candidate of Art History, Associate Professor, the Department of History and Theory of Art,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9051-0391, e-mail: Rimma.a.timofeeva@gmail.com.

Vadim A. Antonov– Head of the Archival Research Department, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6909-121X, e-mail: programtec@mail.ru.

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The article analyzes the initial stage of the creation of floating scientific measuring points (NIPS) to ensure the testing and operation of spacecraft during their passage over the world's oceans. It is emphasized that at first, floating NPCs were made by re-equipping already built civilian vessels (mainly bulk carriers). The study identifies both the main state and departmental documents on the basis of which the vessels were re-equipped: dry cargo, motor, and timber carrier ships; the factories where this was carried out, the projects for the vessels conversion, as well as the organization of ship testing on the ocean expanses. The process of improving scientific and measuring technology is also considered as oceanographic expeditions in the Pacific Ocean (TOGE-4 and TOGE-5) and a floating telemetry complex for the Atlantic Ocean were being formed, which subsequently functioned as independent military units subordinate to the command of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Military Space Forces. It is claimed that the experience gained as a result of these vessels operation was then creatively used in the construction of special vessels equipped as command and measurement complexes for tracking and controlling rocket and space technology. The authors of the study focus on showing the role of Leningrad scientists, designers and shipbuilders in the early period of creating a domestic "space fleet".

Keywords:

floating scientific measuring stations, testing, operation, re-equipment, civil vessels, special vessels, tracking complexes, control complexes, rocket and space technology

Valerij N. Kupriyanov – Corresponding Member, e-mail: kuvnik@yandex.ru,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8883-7360.

Alexander V. Losik – Doctor of Sciences in History, Professor, Senior Researcher,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7085-6627, e-mail: victoriay@inbox.ru.

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4. Beloglazov V.I. Kosmicheskie moriaki Iubileinogo [Space sailors of the Jubilee.]. Moscow, "Sektsiia "Inzhenernye problemy stabil'nosti i konversii" Rossiiskoi inzhenernoi akademii", 2000, 192 p.

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In the first half of the 1960s, Special Design Bureau No. 1 created the RT-2 intercontinental ballistic missile. The use of the new missile in the Strategic Missile Forces was supposed to be part of the Separate Start type missile system. It was meant to be a worthy response to the American Minutemen.

For the RT-2 rocket flight development tests, an experimental test base (technical and launch positions, command-measuring and computing complexes) and infrastructure facilities (roads, bridges) were created, fall fields and target fields were prepared, testing military units were formed, and personnel was trained.

In 1966-68, flight tests of the RT-2 rocket were carried out as part of the 15P098 missile system. Although the RT-2 missile did not match the American Minutemen in terms of shooting accuracy and throw-weight, it was put into service and its modified version was on combat duty until 1994.

The RT-2 became the first domestic solid-fuel intercontinental ballistic missile. An original layout and a new control system allowed it to “almost catch up” with the characteristics of Minuteman-2 and created the prerequisites for its further modernization. An excellent silo launcher, the best command post at that time, the first remote control and monitoring systems, and a small number of maintenance personnel made the system with these missiles one of the best in the Strategic Missile Forces at the beginning of the 1970s.

The purpose of this article is to summarize information about the flight development tests of the RT-2 missile at the 53rd Research Test Site of the USSR Ministry of Defense (Mirny, Arkhangelsk Region). To achieve it, in addition to official documents and technical documentation, the author used information from the archives of testing military units and memories of participants in the events.

Keywords:

scientific research testing ground, combat missile system, intercontinental ballistic missile, mine launcher, Separate Start, solid fuel, experimental testing base, flight tests

Alexander V. Tolochko – Candidate of Sciences (History), Lecturer, Department of History and Philosophy,
Colonel (res.), ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9292-0598, e-mail: zvezdny68@mail.ru.

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