The article is dedicated to the usage and types of Red Army heavy and super heavy artillery during the Great Patriotic War. The purpose of the article is to define the exact reasons of low intensity use of Soviet heavy and super-heavy artillery during the war: virtually retreat during 1941-1943 and slow increase of usage during 1944-1945. High intensity of heavy artillery service took place just in 1945. This question has several answers: Red Army high command concerns about expensive guns lost in combat, specific conditions on the Eastern front, incompetence of command is all invalid. Research is based on comparison of archival materials in the field of ordnance production and expenditure. By the use of statistics it described the ordnance production and inventory. The materials show that ordnance production for heavy and super-heavy artillery in USSR was inadequate before the war. Due to the defeat of the Red Army in 1941 the situation worsened. The exact cases were analyzed on the basis of technical and managerial decisions. Ordnance prices and plants involved in ordnance production have also been considered by the research. Exact samples of heavy artillery usage are described with necessary statistics about it: Rzhew battles in 1942, Volkhov battles in 1943. Red Army statistics is compared with Wehrmacht statistics and US statistics of ordnance expenditure. In conclusions it has been shown the interconnection between intensity of use and ordnance provided by war economy.

Keywords:

Great Patriotic War, Red Army, heavy artillery, ordnance, World War Two, gunpowder, war economy, Rzhew, Koenigsberg, Poznan.

Alexey V. Isaev – Candidate of Sciences in History, Director of the Center
for the History of Military Economics, RANEPA, ORCID: 
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2983-8184, e-mail: alex.v.isaev@gmail.com

1. Russkii arkhiv: Velikaia Otechestvennaia. T. 12 (1-2). Nakanune voiny [Russian archive: Great Patriotic War. T. 12 (1-2). On the eve of the war]. Materialy soveshchaniia vysshego rukovodiashchego sostava RKKA 23-31 dekabria 1940 g. Moscow, TERRA, 1993.
2. Otechestvennaia artilleriia: 600 let [Domestic artillery: 600 years]. Moscow, Voenizdat, 1986, 365 p.
3. Sovetskaia artilleriia v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 [Soviet artillery in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945]. Moscow, Voenizdat, 1960.
4. Shirokorad A.B. Artilleriia v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine [Artillery in the Great Patriotic War]. Moscow, AST: AST MOSKVA, 2010.
5. Sbornik takticheskikh primerov iz Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny. Iss. 6. Nastupatel'nyi boi strelkovoi divizii po opytu Vostochno-Prusskoi operatsii 1945 g. [Collection of tactical examples from the Great Patriotic War. Iss. 6. Offensive battle of a rifle division based on the experience of the East Prussian operation in 1945]. Moscow, Voennoe izdatel'stvo, 1952.
6. Artilleriiskoe snabzhenie v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941-45 gg. [Artillery supply in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45]. Moscow - Tula, 1978.
7. Ashcheulov O. E. Artilleriia Krasnoi armii v boiakh za Poznan' [Artillery of the Red Army in the battles for Poznan]. Moscow, EKLIT, 2011, 119 p.
8. Boevoi i chislennyi sostav vooruzhennykh sil SSSR v period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (1941-1945 gg.) [The combat and numerical strength of the armed forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)]. Statisticheskii sbornik no.1 (22 iiunia 1941 g.). Moscow, 1994.
9. Tsentral'nyi arkhiv Ministerstva oborony Rossiiskoi Federatsii (TsAMO RF), f.7, op.11569, d.434, l.11.
10. Germany and the Second World War. Volume IV. Deutsche verlags-anstalt. Stuttgart, 1983.
11.  TsAMO RF, f.67, op.12001, d.19.
12.  TsAMO RF, f.81, op.12104, d.670.
13.  Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv ekonomiki (RGAE), f.7516, op.1, d.1832.
14. Hahn F. Waffen und Geheimwaffen des deutschenHeeres 1933-1945. Band 1: Infanteriewaffen, Pionierwaffen, Artilleriewaffen, Pulver, Spreng- und Kampfstoffe. Bernard &Graefe, Bonn, 1986.
15. Hogg Ian V. German Artillery of World War Two. StackpoleBooks. 1997.
16. Iakovlev N.D. Ob artillerii i nemnogo o sebe [About artillery and a little about myself]. Moscow, Vysshaia shkola, 1984.
17. TsAMO RF, f.32-go otdel'nogo artilleriiskogo diviziona osoboi moshchnosti, op.91717, d.1.
18. TsAMO RF, f.229, op.161, d.6.
19. RGAE, f.7516, op.1, d.1826.
20. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (GARF), f.644, op.2, d.4.
21. Hahn F. Waffen und Geheimwaffen des deutschenHeeres 1933-1945. Band 2. Bernard&Graefe, Bonn, 1986.
22. TsAMO RF, f.204, op.89, d.2.
23. TsAMO RF, f.354, op.5816, d.13.
24. TsAMO RF, f.315-go otdel'nogo artilleriiskogo diviziona osoboi moshchnosti, op.695812, d.2.
25. TsAMO RF, f.81, op.12079, d.169.
26. TsAMO RF, f.81, op.12075, d.307.
27. GARF, f.644, op.1, d.319.
28. TsAMO RF, f.330-go otdel'nogo artilleriiskogo diviziona osoboi moshchnosti, op.185499, d.2.
29. Barsukov E. Z. Artilleriia russkoi armii (1900–1917 gg.): v 4-kh tomakh [Artillery of the Russian army (1900-1917): In 4 volumes]. Moscow, Voennoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva oborony SSSR, 1948–1949, vol.2.

Before the Great Patriotic War (GPW) at least 1/3 of cumulative total yield of Leningrad factories was the products of “defense” or “special” function, i.e. military ones. A significant proportion of civilian products could also be used for the army, navy or the NKVD troop’s demands. Pre-war production planning provided for the all-round increase in the output of military products.In this regard, the city's enterprises experienced an acute shortage of production and office premises, electricity and personnel. Plants and factories operated with external raw materials and fuel which made them critically dependent on the functioning of the logistics chains connecting Leningrad with the regions of the USSR.

The main criterion of evaluating the work of an industrial enterprise was the amount of output and the mandatory fulfillment or over-fulfillment of production plan. At the factories the problems of quality were ignored and this led to the necessity of conducting periodic campaigns of "struggle for quality" by senior management. However, such campaigns turned to be useless and did not result in the required demands due to the initially defective system of goal-setting in industry.

The peculiarities of conducting economic activities in wartime, on the one hand, deepened the previous problems, on the other hand, made the processes of deploying new industries more dynamicby reducing the number of management links and lengthening work shifts,. The main role in setting production tasks to the enterprises was transferred from the specialized People's Commissariats to the City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party and the Military Council of the Front; factories were often forced to execute three parallel production plans. The establishment of the blockade regime focused the industry of Leningrad almost exclusively on the interests of the Leningrad Front.

Mobilization into the army and recruitment into the people's militia deprived enterprises of the number of qualified personnel; at first, the replacement of experienced workers by housewives and adolescents could not be considered complete and equivalent. In September – October 1941 the reserves of fuelwere exhausted in the city and this led to a fuel and energy crisis in November – December 1941 and an almost complete shutdown of heavy and light industry enterprises in the first quarter of 1942.

The factors which influenced the manufacturing processes of Leningrad industrial enterprises in the pre-war, war and blockade periods of 1941 have been considered in the present article.

Keywords:

Leningrad, the Great Patriotic War, blockade, industry, production, energy, plant, factory, power plant, crisis.

Andrei M. Riabkov – Researcher, Researcher at the Laboratory of Contemporary
History, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3306-1382, e-mail: andrejryabkov@yandex.ru.

1.Sobolev G.L. Leningrad v bor'be za vyzhivanie v blokade [Leningrad in the struggle for survival in the blockade]. Saint Petersburg, Izdatel'skii dom Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2013.
2.Lomagin N.A. Neizvestnaia blokada [Unknown blockade]. Saint Petersburg, Neva; Moscow, OLMA-PRESS, 2002.
3.Lomagin N.A. Leningrad v blokade [Leningrad in the blockade]. Moscow, Eksmo: Iauza, 2005.
4.Dzeniskevich A.R. Front u zavodskikh sten: Maloizuchennye problemy oborony Leningrada, 1941-1944 [The front at the factory walls: Little-studied problems of the defense of Leningrad, 1941-1944]. Saint Petersburg, Nestor, 1998.
5.Dzeniskevich A.R. Zavody na linii fronta: Rabochie Leningrada frontu [Factories on the front line: Workers of Leningrad to the front]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1978.
6.Sankt-Peterburg.Petrograd.Leningrad. [St. Petersburg. Petrograd, Leningrad]. Entsiklopedicheskii spravochnik. Ed. B.B. Piotrovskii. Moscow, Bol'shaia rossiiskaia entsiklopediia, 1992, 687 p.
7.Bochinin D.A. Aviatsionnaia promyshlennost' Sankt-Peterburga-Leningrada - otechestvennym armii i flotu, 1900-1940-e g.g.: monografiia [Aircraft industry of St. Petersburg-Leningrad - to the domestic army and navy, 1900-1940s: monograph]. Voenno-kosmicheskaia akademiia imeni A.F. Mozhaiskogo. Saint Petersburg, Poltorak, 2012.
8.Shcherba A.N.Voennaia industriia Sankt-Peterburga - Leningrada v 1900-1940 gody [Military industry of St. Petersburg - Leningrad in 1900-1940]. Moscow, Voennaia akademiia General'nogo shtaba Vooruzhennykh sil Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Nauchno-issledovatel`skii institut (voennoi istorii); Saint Petersburg, Politekhnika-servis, 2012.
9.Alekseev T.V. Industriia sredstv sviazi Peterburga-Leningrada dlia armii i flota v epokhu potriasenii i modernizatsii. 1900-1945 gody [Industry of communication means of St. Petersburg-Leningrad for the army and navy in the era of upheavals and modernization. 1900-1945]. Saint Petersburg, Politekhnicheskii universitet, 2010.
10. Riabkov A.M. Osobennosti raboty leningradskikh predpriiatii Narodnogo komissariata boepripasov v 1941 godu [The leningrad enterprises is work features of the people`s Comissariat of Ammunition in 1941]. Technologos, 2020, no. 3, pp. 22-46. DOI: 10.15593/perm.kipf/2020.3.02
11.Proektnoe zadanie na organizatsiiu potochnoi mekhanizirovannoi linii proizvodstva 76 mm chugunnykh artilleriiskikh snariadov na 1941 god [Design assignment for the organization of a mechanized flow line for the production of 76 mm cast-iron artillery shells for 1941]. Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Sankt-Peterburga (IsGA SPb), f. 1721, op. 24, d. 13.
12.Pis'mo narkoma mestnoi promyshlennosti RSFSR Lazareva na imia nachal'nika Lengormestproma tov. Shinder ot 30 sentiabria 1940 goda [Letter from the People's Commissar of Local Industry of the RSFSR Lazarev addressed to the head of Lengormestprom, comrade. Shinder dated September 30, 1940]. IsGA SPb, f. 7384, op. 4, d. 56, l. 26.
13.Kratkii otchet o proizvodstvennoi deiatel'nosti zavoda № 208 za 1941 god [Brief report on the production activities of plant No. 208 for 1941]. IsGA SPb, f. 4965, op. 3, d. 41. l. 229.
14.Riabkov A.M. Kirovskii zavod v 1941-42 g. [Kirovsky plant in 1941-42]. Leningrad. Voina. Blokada. Gorod-front. Saint Petersburg, Galart, 2019, pp. 441-451.
15.Otchet o rabote oboronnoi promyshlennosti g. Leningrada za 2-e polugodie 1941 goda [Report on the work of the defense industry in Leningrad for the 2nd half of 1941]. Tsentral'nyi Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Istoriko-politicheskikh Dokumentov Sankt-Peterburga (IsGAIPD SPb), f. r-24, op. 2v, d. 4850a.
16.Leningrad. Entsiklopedicheskii spravochnik [Leningrad. Encyclopedic reference book]. Moscow; Leningrad, «Bol'shaia Sovetskaia Entsiklopediia», 1957, 147 p.
17.IsGA SPb, f. 4965, op. 1, d. 929. Fond Statisticheskogo upravleniia.
18.TsGA SPb, f. 4965, op. 3, d. 36.
19.Tiagur M.I. Leningrad vo vremia Sovetsko-Finliandskoi voiny 1939-1940 godov: transformatsiia povsednevnoi i khoziaistvennoi zhizni goroda [leningrad during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939–1940: transformation of everyday life and economy of the city]. Perm University Herald. History, 2016, iss. 2(33), pp. 79-86.
20.Obrashchenie v Gorkom VKP(b) nachal'nika TsKB-22 [Appeal to the City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of the head of TsKB-22]. TsGAIPD SPbF, r-24, op. 2v, d. 4334, l. 44.
21.Godovoi otchet po osnovnoi deiatel'nosti «Lenenergo» za 1941 god [Annual report on the main activity of "Lenenergo" for 1941]. TsGA SPb, 1842, op. 3, d. 333.
22.TsGAIPD SPb, f. r-24, op. 2v, d. 4764, l. 20.; TsGA SPb, f. 1277, op. 7, d. 7, l. 7.
23.Proekt Postanovleniia biuro Leningradskogo GK VKP(b) «O perevode kvalifitsirovannoi rabochei sily s Leningradskikh predpriiatii na aviatsionnye zavody Leningrada» [Draft Resolution of the Bureau of the Leningrad State Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the transfer of skilled labor from Leningrad enterprises to aircraft plants in Leningrad."]. TsGAIPD SPb, f. r-25, op. 2v, d. 4848, l. 69-73.
24.TsGAIPD SPb, f. r-24, op. 2v, d. 4867, l. 182.
25.TsGAIPD SPb, f. r-24, op. 2v, d. 4867, l. 174.
26.TsGA SPb, f. 1511, op. 157, d. 3, l. 29-38.
27.TsGA SPb, f. 1511, op. 157, d. 3, l. 83-89.
28.TsGAIPD SPb, f. r-24, op. 2v, d. 4867.
29.TsGA SPb, f. 476, op. 2, d. 50, l. 87.
30.TsGAIPD SPb, f. r-24, op. 2-v, d. 4867, l. 1-3.
31.TsGAIPD SPb, f. r-24, op. 2-v, d. 4867, l. 1-3.
32.TsGA SPb, f. 4965, op. 3, d. 37.
33.TsGA SPb, f. 4965, op. 1, d. 924, l. 138.
34.Fragment iz otcheta direktora zavoda im. Molotova [Fragment from the report of the director of the plant. Molotov]. TsGA SPb, f. 4965, op. 3, d. 37
35.TsGA SPb, f. 1936, op. 5, d. 22.
36. Iz doklada sekretaria GK VKP(b) M.V. Basova na aprel'skom (1944 goda) plenume gorkoma [From the report of the Secretary of the Civil Code of the CPSU (b) M.V. Basov at the April (1944) plenum of the city committee]. TsGAIPD SPb, f. 25, op. 2, d. 4883.
37.TsGA SPb, f. 4965, op. 3, d. 39, l. 44.
38.Pis'mo direktora zavoda №181 gorodskomu voennomu komissaru [Letter from the director of plant No. 181 to the city military commissar]. TsGA SPb, f. 1936, op. 5, d. 26, l. 18.
39.Otchet o rabote oboronnoi promyshlennosti Leningrada za 2-e polugodie 1941 goda [Report on the work of the defense industry of Leningrad for the 2nd half of 1941]. TsGAIPD SPb, f. 24, op. 2v, d. 4850a.
40.TsGASPb, f. 7384, op. 36, d. 63.
41.Godovoi otchet po osnovnoi deiatel'nosti «Lenenergo» za 1941 god [Annual report on the main activity of "Lenenergo" for 1941]. TsGA SPb, f. 1842, op. 3, d. 333.
42.Pis'mo direktora zavoda im. Karla Marksa M.S. Klavsut' ot 25.11.41 sekretariu Gorkoma Ia.F. Kapustinu [Letter from the director of the plant. Karl Marx M.S.Klavsut from 25.11.41 to the secretary of the City Committee Ya.F. Kapustin]. TsGAIPD SPb, f. 24, op. 2v, d. 4850a. Otchet…; TsGAIPD SPb, f. r-24, op. 2v, d. 5368, l. 308.
43.TsGAIPD SPb, f. r-24, op. 2v, d. 5369, l. 130.
44.Otchet o rabote oboronnoi promyshlennosti g. Leningrada za 2-e polugodie 1941 goda [Report on the work of the defense industry in Leningrad for the 2nd half of 1941]. TsGAIPD SPb, f. r-24, op. 2v, d. 4850a.
45.Vospominaniia nachal'nika tsekha zavoda №10 Impe V.G [Memoirs of the head of the shop of the plant No. 10 VG Impe]. TsGAIPD SPb, f. 4000, op. 10, d. 311.
46.Vospominaniia direktora zavoda «Nevgvozd'» Ivanova A.P. [MemoirsDirector of the plant "Nevgvozd" Ivanova A.P.]. TsGAIPD SPb, f. 4000, op. 10, d. 499.
47.Iz doklada sekretaria Vyborgskogo RK VKP(b) Kedrova G. T. 12 aprelia 1944 g. [From the report of the secretary of the Vyborg RK VKP (b) G.T.Kedrov April 12, 1944]. TsGAIPD SPb, f. r-25, op. 2, d. 4883, l. 34.
48.TsGAIPD SPb, f. 4000, op. 10, d. 183.
49.Riabkov A.M. Zasedanie partiino-khoziaistvennogo aktiva Kirovskogo zavoda 12 dekabria 1941 goda. [Meeting of the party and economic activists of the Kirov works on December 12, 1941]. Petersburg Historical Journal, no. 4, 2020, pp. 174–193.
50.«Plan “D”»: plan spetsial'nykh meropriiatii,provodimykh vo vremia Otechestvennoi voiny po obshchegorodskim ob"ektam goroda Leningrada. Tom I: 1941 god]. Ed. Chernov S.V. Saint Petersburg, Evropeiskii Dom, (Arkhiv Bol'shogo Doma), 2005, 188 p.
51.Godovoi otchet «Lenenergo» za 1942 god [Annual report of "Lenenergo" for 1942]. TsGA SPb, f. 4965, op. 3, d. 55.
52.Leningradskii tramvai 1941-1945 [Leningrad tram 1941-1945]. Saint Petersburg, Liki Rossii, 1995, 16 p.

The analysis of employment conditions of workers at the enterprises of Vladimir region during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) has been presented in the article. Employment conditions in which the workers on home front existed have been considered not only as an act of bravery but as the problem of efficient enterprise functioning in the years of war as well. Predominance of the state and social interests over the interests of individual employee has been paid attention too.

The materials of the party funds of Vladimir region city committees stored in the State Archives of the Vladimir Region (GAVO) has become the source base of the article. In addition, the memoirs of workers on home front about their personal experience during the hard times of war are significant sources.

The study identifies the most important and frequent difficulties which took place at the enterprises of the region under consideration. The author highlights the poor adherence to safety standards, unsatisfactory working conditions in the shops (low temperatures, lack of amenities, unsanitary conditions, lack of overalls and footwear) as the problems faced by workers of factories. In addition, there was an irrational use of existing employees, inadequate nutrition, conflicts between individual employees and their immediate superiors. The latter often led to the execution of cases against workers for violations of labor discipline in accordance with the decrees of June 26, 1940 and December 26, 1941.

As a result of the analysis of wartime documents the author comes to the conclusion that a number of problems that workers of factories of the studied region faced with during the war years were constantly unresolved. Despite the ongoing war human conflicts have not disappeared, the clarification of which for some administrators was more important than the successful functioning of the area of work entrusted to them. This resulted in cases of illegal persecution of workers for alleged violations of labor discipline, which did not increase the authority of the enterprise administration.

Keywords:

the Great Patriotic War, rear, workers on home front, labor discipline, working conditions, evacuation, labor law, labor mobilization.

Ilja S. Tryakhov– Candidate of Sciences in History, Associate Professor,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6488-5205, e-mail: iljja.tryahoff@yandex.ru.

1. Somov V.A. Repressii kak metod trudovoi mobilizatsii v usloviiakh Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (po materialam Volgo-Viatskogo regiona) [Repression as a method of labor mobilization in conditions of the Great Patriotic War (based on materials of Volgo-Vyatsky region)]. Vestnik Lipetskogo Gosudarstvennogo Pedagogicheskogo Universiteta. Seriia: Gumanitarnye Nauki 2015, iss. 2 (17), pp. 8-18.
2. Blank A.S. Vladimir: kratkii ocherk istorii goroda [Vladimir: a short sketch of the history of the city]. Vladimir, Vladimirskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1954, 91 p.
3. Anikin A.S. Trudovoi podvig rabochikh Vladimirskoi i Ivanovskoi oblastei v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny: ocherki, esse [Labor feat of workers of the Vladimir and Ivanovo regions during the Great Patriotic War: essays, essays]. Vladimir, 1969, 225 p.
4. Volodarskii L.M. Sovetskii tyl v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War]. Voprosy Istorii, 1985, no.7, pp. 14–34.
5. Zinich M.S. Trudovoi podvig rabochego klassa v 1941–1945 gg. (po materialam otraslei mashinostroeniia) [Labor feat of the working class in 1941-1945]. Moscow, 1984, 297 p.
6. Zagvozdkin G.G. Tsena Pobedy. Sotsial'naia politika voennykh let [Victory Price. Social policy of the war years]. Kirov, 1990, 263 p.
7. Romanov R. E. Trudovye stimuly rabochikh oboronnykh predpriiatii Sibiri v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (na primere kombinata «Sibmetallstroi») [Labour stimulus of the workers of defense undustry enterprises of Siberia during the Great Patriotic war (on the example of “Sibmetallstroy”)]. Journal of Economic History and History of Economics, 2014, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 309–332.
8. Somov V.A. Material'no-bytovye faktory motivatsii truda v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (1941-1945) [Living conditions and material factors in labor motivation during the Great Patriotic war (1941-1945)]. Vestnik of Lobachevsky University of Nizhni Novgorod, 2011, no. 1, pp. 230-236.
9. Togoeva S. I. Faktory vliianiia na motivatsiiu truda (na materialakh Tverskogo vagonostroitel'nogo zavoda v 1941– 1951 gg.) [Factors of influence on labor motivation (based on the materials of the Tver Carriage Works in 1941–1951)]. Ekonomicheskaia istoriia. Obozrenie. Moscow, 2002, iss. 8, pp. 39–56.
10. Shalak A. V. Sistema motivatsii v sisteme raspredeleniia v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (1941–1945) [The system of motivation in the distribution system during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)]. Journal of Economic History and History of Economics, 2011, vol. 12, no 2, pp. 20–40.
11. Romanov R.E. Rabochaia molodezh' oboronnykh predpriiatii v Zapadnoi Sibiri v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (1941–1945) [Working youth of defense enterprises in Western Siberia during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)]. Ph. D. thesis. Novosibirsk, 2009, 217 p.
12. Somov V.A. Po zakonu voennogo vremeni. Ocherki istorii trudovoi politiki SSSR v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (1941–1945 gg.) [Under the law of martial law. Essays on the history of the labor policy of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)]. Nizhnii Novgorod, 2001,154 p.
13. Zhelaeva S.G. Rabochaia molodezh' v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (na materialakh Respubliki Buriatii) [Young workers during the Great Patriotic war (on the materials of the republic of Buryatia]. The Bulletin of the State University of Buryatia, 2015, no. 7, pp. 24–29.
14. Zemskov V.N. Organizatsiia rabochei sily i uzhestochenie trudovogo zakonodatel'stva v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Organization of the labor force and tightening of labor legislation during the Great Patriotic War]. International Relations, 2014, no. 1, pp. 104–114.
15. Kladov V.Iu. Dezertirstvo s oboronnykh predpriiatii Penzenskoi oblasti v 1942–1944 gg. [Desertion from the defense enterprises of Penza region in 1942-1944]. Al'manakh Sovremennoi Nauki i Obrazovaniia, 2015, no. 10 (100), pp. 55–59.
16. Somov V.A. Trud i dolg: material'no-bytovye aspekty trudovoi motivatsii v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny 1941-1945 gg. (po materialam Volgo-Viatskogo regiona) [Labor and Duty: Material and Household Aspects of Labor Motivation during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. (based on materials from the Volga-Vyatka region)]. Journal of Economic History and History of Economics, 2011, vol. 12, no 2, pp. 5-19.
17. Churikov A.V. Trudovye otnosheniia na evakuirovannykh predpriyatiiakh tiazheloi promyshlennosti v Cheliabinskoi oblasti (1941–1946 gg.) [Labor relations at evacuated heavy industry enterprises in the Chelyabinsk region (1941-1946)]. Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philogy, 2011, iss. 3, pp. 125–129.
18. Pribytkova K.P. Faktory tekuchesti rabochikh kadrov v promyshlennosti Altaiskogo kraia v 1940-e – pervoi polovine 1950-kh gg. [Factors of the Staff Turnover in the Altai Territory Industry in the 1940s – the First Half of the 1950s]. Izvestia of Altai State Univeristy Altayskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 2017, no. 5, pp. 102-106.
19. Belonogov Iu.G., Mazuka A.A. Narushiteli trudovoi distsipliny na Krasnokamskom tselliulozno-bumazhnom kombinate v 1940-1946 gody: evoliutsiia sotsiologicheskogo portreta [Violators of labour discipline on the Krasnokamsk pulp and paper mill, 1940-1946: evolution of characteristics of the sociological portrait (part I & II)]. Bulletin of PNRPU. Culture. History. Philosophy. Law, 2017, no. 1, pp. 106-112; 2017, no. 3, pp. 42–51.
20. Skripnik A.N. Sotsial'no-bytovye aspekty problem trudovoi distsipliny na sovetskikh oboronnykh predpriiatiiakh v 1941-1945 gg. [Social and everyday aspects of the problems of labor discipline at Soviet defense enterprises in 1941-1945]. Genesis: Historical Research, 2017, no. 9, pp. 142-158.
21. Skripnik A.N. Metody stimulirovaniia trudovoi distsipliny na sovetskikh oboronnykh predpriiatiiakh v 1941–1945 gg. [Methods of stimulation of labour discipline at Soviet defense enterprises in 1941-1945]. Russian Journal of Economic History, 2019, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 91–102.
22. Repnikov D.V. Problemy raboty s molodymi rabochimi na predpriiatiiakh oboronnoi promyshlennosti Udmurtskoi ASSR v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (k postanovke voprosa) [The problems of work with young workers at the plants of defense industry of the Udmurt autonomous soviet socialist republic during the Great Patriotic war (statement of the question]. Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philogy, 2017, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 561-568.
23. Okolotin V.S. Ivanovskaia oblast' v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny. Kn. 1: 22 iyunya – 31 dekabrya 1941 goda [Ivanovo region during the Great Patriotic War. Book. 1: June 22 - December 31, 1941]. Ivanovo, A-Grif, 2017, 344 p.
24. Okolotin V.S. Ivanovskaia oblast' v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny. Kn 2: 1 yanvarya – 31 dekabrya 1942 goda [Ivanovo region during the Great Patriotic War. Book 2: January 1 - December 31, 1942]. Ivanovo, A-Grif, 2019, 624 p.
25. Vladimirskii krai v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny. 1941-1945: sbornik arkhivnykh dokumentov k 75-letiiu Velikoi Pobedy [Vladimir region during the Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945: collection of archival documents for the 75th anniversary of the Great Victory]. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Vladimirskoi oblasti (GAVO). Ed. N.D. Maksimova. Vladimir, 2020, 504 p.
26. Mitrofanova A.V. Rabochii klass SSSR v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Working class of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War]. Moscow, 1971, 575 p.
27. Sbornik dokumentov i materialov po voprosam truda v period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Collection of documents and materials on labor issues during the Great Patriotic War]. Moscow, 1944, 356 p.
28. Seregina L.V. Trudovoe pravo v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Labor law during the Great Patriotic War]. Journal of Russian Law, 2010, no. 8, pp. 139-148.
29. Kommunisticheskaia partiia v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine (Iyun'-1941 g. – 1945 g.). Dokumenty i materialy [The Communist Party in the Great Patriotic War (June 1941 - 1945). Documents and materials]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1970, 494 p.
30. Ponomarev D.I. Vladimirskii krai v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Vladimir region during the Great Patriotic War]. Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina i sovremennost'. Vladimir, 1995, pp. 63-68.
31. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Volgogradskoi oblasti, (GAVO), f.p. – 116. Kovrovskii gorodskoi komitet VKP(b) [Kovrov city committee of the CPSU (b)].
32. Paramonov V.N. Sotsial'noye polozheniye rabochey molodozhi na predpriyatiyakh RSFSR v 1941-1945 godakh [Social status of working youth at enterprises of the RSFSR in 1941-1945]. Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History, 2015, no. 4 (34), pp. 150-162.
33. Gus'-Khrustal'nyi gorodskoi komitet VKP(b) [Gus-Khrustalny City Committee of the CPSU (b)]. GAVO, f.p. – 118.
34. Kol'chuginskii gorodskoi komitet VKP(b) [Kolchuginsky city committee of the CPSU (b)]. GAVO, f.p. – 503.
35. Belonogov Iu.G. Sovetskoe trudovoe zakonodatel'stvo 1940 goda kak chast' mobilizatsionnoi podgotovki ekonomiki SSSR na kanune Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Soviet labor legislation of 1940 as part of the mobilization preparation of the USSR economy on the eve of World War II]. Formirovanie Gumanitarnoi Sredy v Vuze: Innovatsionnye Obrazovatel'nye Tekhnologii. Kompetentnostnyi Podkhod, 2019, vol. 1, pp. 156-161.
36. Zhegalova T. Riadovye Pobedy: metallurgi v tylu i na fronte [Privates Victory: metallurgists in the rear and at the front]. Kol'chugino, 2005, 251 p.
37. Pobediteli: Vospominaniia uchastnikov Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i truzhenikov tyla [Winners: Memories of the Great Patriotic War participants and home front workers]. Moscow, 2010, 295 p.
38. Vladimirskii gorodskoi komitet VKP(b) [Vladimir city committee of the CPSU (b)]. GAVO, f.p.–100.
39. Muromskii gorodskoi komitet VKP(b) [Murom city committee of the CPSU (b)]. GAVO, f.p.–495.
40. Viaznikovskii gorodskoi komitet VKP(b [Vyaznikovsky city committee of the CPSU (b)]. GAVO, f.p.–791.
41. Aleksandrovskii gorodskoi komitet VKP(b) [Alexandrovsky city committee of the CPSU (b)]. GAVO, f.p.–119.
42. Komarova N.E., Monyakova O.A. Put' k Pobede: Kovrov v 1941 – 1945: sbornik materialov o Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine [Path to Victory: Kovrov in 1941 - 1945: a collection of materials about the Great Patriotic War]. Kovrov, Znamia truda, 2005, 423 p.

The object of scientific research was the evolution of legislation and its law enforcement practice with respect to the deserters from military industrial enterprises at the final stage of World War II. This evolution formally suggested an obvious change of emphasis in the penal policy of labour mobility control: from toughening law enforcement practices to realization of large-scale amnesties of workers who arbitrarily left their places of work.On the basis of the local archival materials the author analyzes practical implementation of innovations reflected in the Decree of the Government of the USSR of June 29, 1944 (change in the procedure for searching and punishing deserters; bringing economic leaders to criminal and party responsibility for non-compliance with the norms of the Decree of December 26, 1941; preventive measures aimed at improvement of working and living conditions). However, attempts of systemic improvement of existing legislation and its enforcement practices faced with certain institutional constraints existed due to the nomenclature organization of power and the supply and demand correlation in the labour market. The author sees the reasons for the amnesties in 1944‒1945 in the low efficiency of toughening punitive measures, excessively high administrative expenses in the process of the Decree of December 26, 1941 realization. It is mentioned that holding the amnesty did not change the substance of the legislation on criminal prosecution for unauthorized abandonment of the workplace of workbut was only the reaction of the state which defended the departmentinterests of the military industry people's commissariats concerning the provision of enterprises with labor force, the reaction to the poorly effective search for labor deserters.

Keywords:

punitive policy; labour deserters; amnesty; Decree of December 26, 1941; The Great Patriotic War; Perm Territory.

Yury G. Belonogov – Candidate of Sciences in Politics, Associate Professor,
Department of Public Administration and History, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9558-4357,
e-mail: ugb78@mail.ru.

1.Triakhov I.S. Dinamika i prichiny narusheniia trudovoi distsipliny v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (na materialakh goroda Kovrova) [Dynamics and causes of violations of labor discipline during the Great Patriotic War (on the materials of the city of Kovrov). RUDN Journal of Russian History, 2020, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 330–348. DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2020-19-2-330-348
2.Ob otvetstvennosti rabochikh i sluzhashchikh predpriiatii voennoi promyshlennosti za samovol'nyi ukhod s predpriiatii. Ukaz Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR ot 26 dekabria 1941 goda [On the responsibility of workers and employees of enterprises of the military industry for unauthorized departure from enterprises. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated December 26, 1941], available at: http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=ESU;n=3990#09100055075670468 (accessed 21 June 2020).
3.Belonogov Y.G. Vedomstvennye interesy i rozysk trudovykh dezertirov v period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (na materialakh Molotovskoi oblasti) [Departmental interests and search for labor deserters during the Great Patriotic War (based on the materials of the Molotov region)]. Gumanitarnye Problemy Voennogo Dela. Voenno-Nauchnyi Zhurnal, 2020, no. 1, pp. 46–52.
4.Kodintsev A.Ia. Kampaniia po bor'be s «dezertirstvom» s predpriiatii voennoi promyshlennosti SSSR v 1941-1948 godakh [Campaign to combat "desertion" from the enterprises of the military industry of the USSR in 1941-1948]. Otechestvennaia Istoriia, 2008, no. 6, pp. 101–107.
5.Romanov R.E. Regulirovanie trudovoi mobil'nosti naseleniia SSSR nakanune i v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny: normy i real'nost' [Regulation of labor mobility of the population of the USSR on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War: norms and reality]. Journal of Economic History and History of Economics, 2015, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 271–296.
6.Romanov R.E. Evoliutsiia sistemy trudovykh stimulov rabochikh sovetskoi promyshlennosti v gody Vtoroi mirovoi voiny (1939–1945 gg.) [Evolution of the system of labor incentives for workers in the soviet industry during the second World War (1939-1945)]. Molodoi Uchenyi, 2017, no. 35 (169), pp. 67–74.
7.Skripnik A.N. Metody stimulirovaniia trudovoi distsipliny na sovetskikh oboronnykh predpriiatiiakh v 1941-1945 gg. [Methods of stimulation of labour discipline at soviet defense enterprises in 1941– 1945]. Russian Journal of Economic History, 2019, vol. 15, no. 1 (44), pp. 91–102.
8.Ob ustranenii nedostatkov v praktike primeneniia Ukaza Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR ot 26 dekabria 1941 goda. Postanovlenie Soveta narodnykh komissarov SSSR № 789 ot 29 iiunia 1944 goda [On the elimination of shortcomings in the practice of applying the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 26, 1941. Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 789 of June 29, 1944], available at: https://man-with-dogs.livejournal.com/559676.html (accessed 21 June 2020).
9.Dokladnye zapiski v obkom VKP(b) ot Komi-Permiatskogo okruzhkoma, Ius'vinskogo i Kochevskogo RK VKP(b) o vypolnenii postanovleniia obkoma VKP(b) po Ukazu Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR ot 26 dekabria 1941 g., po voprosam sel'skogo khoziaistvaza 1944 g. [Memorandums to the regional committee of the VKP (b) from the Komi-Permyak district committee, Yusvinsky and Kochevsky RK VKP (b) on the implementation of the resolution of the regional committee of the VKP (b) by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated December 26, 1941, on agricultural issues in 1944 g.]. Permskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial'no-Politicheskoi Istorii (PermGASPI), f. 105, op. 10, d. 179, l. 1–19.
10.Svedeniia o dvizhenii rabochei sily i narusheniiakh trudovoi distsipliny po predpriiatiiam gorodaKrasnokamska za 1944 g. [Information about the movement of labor and violations of labor discipline at the enterprises of the city of Krasnokamsk for 1944]. PermGASPI, f. 1290, op. 1, d. 457, l. 1–243.
11.Zemskov V.N. Ukaz ot 26 iiunia 1940 goda … (eshche odna kruglaia data) [Decree of June 26, 1940 ... (Another Round Date)]. Raduga, 1990, no. 6, pp. 43–49.
12.Zemskov V.N. Organizatsiia rabochei sily i uzhestochenie trudovogo zakonodatel'stva v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny [Workforce organization and tightening of labor legislation during the Great Patriotic War]. International Relations, 2014, no. 1, pp. 104–114.
DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2014.1.10353
13.Vetoshkina O.V. «Mobilizovan na proizvodstvo»: k voprosu o formirovanii mobilizatsionnoi modeli trudovykh otnoshenii v 1941-1945 gg. (na primere oboronnykh zavodov Udmurtii) ["Mobilized for production": on the formation of a mobilization model of labor relations in 1941-1945. (on the example of defense plants of Udmurtia)]. Problemy izucheniia voennoi istorii. Proceedings of the 3nd All-Russian Conferense with International Participation. Samara. OOO «Nauchno-tekhnicheskii tsentr», 2015, pp. 237–242.
14.Dokladnye o narushenii Ukazov Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR ot 26 iiunia 1940 g. i 26 dekabria 1941 g. na predpriiatiiakh g.Molotov [Reports on violation of the Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 26, 1940 and December 26, 1941 at the enterprises of the city of Molotov]. PermGASPI, f. 1, op. 22, d. 415, l. 1–101.
15.Dokladnye zapiski prokurora Stalinskogo raiona g. Molotov o sostoianii trudovoi distsiplinyza 1943 g. [Memoirs of the Prosecutor of the Stalin District of the city of Molotov on the state of labor discipline in 1943]. PermGASPI, f. 231, op. 1, d. 153, l. 1–28.
16.Dokladnye zapiski, pis'ma, svedeniia po vypolneniiu postanovlenii biuro obkoma VKP(b), o rabote promyshlennykh predpriiatii i transporta, sel'skogo khoziaistva, o trudovoi distsipline na predpriiatiiakh, o rabote uchrezhdenii kul'tury, administrativnykh organov za 1943 g. [Memorandums, letters, information on the implementation of the decisions of the bureau of the regional committee of the CPSU (b), on the work of industrial enterprises and transport, agriculture, on labor discipline at enterprises, on the work of cultural institutions, administrative bodies for 1943]. PermGASPI, f. 105, op. 9, d. 131, l. 1–263.
17.Belonogov Iu.G. Politika po ukrepleniiu trudovoi distsipliny na oboronnykh predpriiatiiakh g. Molotov v period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Policy on strengthening labor discipline at defense enterprises of the city of Molotov during the Great Patriotic War]. Gorod Perm' v promyshlennom razvitii Rossii: istoricheskii opyt i sovremennyi potentsial. Proceedings of the Scientific and Practical Conference. (Perm', 25 oktiabria 2018 g.). Perm', Permskii natsional'nyi issledovatel'skii politekhnicheskii universitet, 2018, pp. 179–192.
18.Potemkina M.N., Tokarev E.V. Motivatsiia truda v iuzhnoural'skoi promyshlennosti: mekhanizmy i praktika voennogo perioda (na primere Magnitogorskogo metallurgicheskogo kombinata 1941-1945 gg.) [Labor motivation in the South Ural industry: mechanisms and practice of the war period (on the example of the Magnitogorsk metallurgical plant 1941-1945)]. Vestnik Orenburgskogo Gosudarstvennogo Pedagogicheskogo Universiteta. Elektronnyi Nauchnyi Zhurnal, 2020, no.1 (33), pp. 132–143.
19.Protokoly №№ 92-104 zasedanii biuro Kaganovicheskogogorraikoma VKP(b) g. Molotov za 1944 g. [Minutes No. 92-104 of meetings of the Bureau of the Kaganovich Gorraikom VKP (b) Molotov for 1944]. PermGASPI, f. 106, op. 1, d. 219, l. 1–205.
20.Ob amnistii litsam, samovol'no ushedshim s predpriiatii voennoi promyshlennosti i dobrovol'no vozvrativshimsia na eti predpriiatiia. Ukaz Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR ot 30 dekabria 1944 goda [About amnesty to persons who have left the enterprises of the military industry and voluntarily returned to these enterprises. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 30, 1944], available at: http://www.consultant.ru/ (accessed 21 June 2020).
21.Rogaleva N.V. Ugolovno-pravovaia politika sovetskogo gosudarstva v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Criminal law policy of the Soviet State in the years of the Great Patriotic war]. Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute, 2011, no. 2 (5), pp. 4–8.
22.Papkov S.A. Karatel'noe pravosudie na trudovom fronte v SSSR v 1941– 1945 gg. [Punitive Justice on the Labor Front in the USSR (1941–1945)]. Voprosy Istorii, 2011, no. 12, pp. 72–80.
23.Ob amnistii v sviazi s pobedoi nad gitlerovskoi Germaniei. Ukaz Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR ot 07 iiulia 1945 g. [About the amnesty in connection with the victory over Nazi Germany. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated July 7, 1945], available at: http://base.garant.ru/70805508/ (accessed 21 June 2020).
24.Protokoly zasedanii biuro Krasnokamskogo gorodskogo komiteta VKP(b), tom № 3 za 1945 g. [Minutes of the meetings of the Bureau of the Krasnokamsk city committee of the CPSU (b), volume No. 3 for 1945]. PermGASPI, f. 1290, op. 62, d. 5, l.1–201.

The article examines the technical modernization of Siberian radio communications and broadcasting during the war period. Under the conditions of a large-scale evacuation of industrial facilities and the population to the Siberian region as well as the organization of new telephone and telegraph highways in the eastern direction wire telecommunications worked at the limit of its capabilities and could not cope with the load. In these conditions radio communication was often the only means of communication. Among the evacuated enterprises deployed on the territory of Siberia most of them were the enterprises of the radio industry.

One of the main problems faced by the Siberian radio communications, in addition to the shortage of qualified personnel, was the lack of backup equipment, which the front desperately needed. Another difficulty was the restructuring of the radial telecommunication system which entailed the modernization of the transmitters of the main radio communication.

In the conditions of an acute shortage of material resources for civil radio communications radio communication activities had to be seriously limited. In general, it was necessary to temporarily abandon the program of continuous radio coverage of the country developed in the pre-war period. First of all, the radio stations were set up at enterprises, city and rural streets and squares, in clubs, libraries, etc. At the same time, as far as possible, the park of radio points was expanded and the operability of radio centers was maintained.

Thanks to the mobilization of internal reserves and measures of an administrative-repressive nature in Siberian radio communications it was possible to strengthen the material and technical basis. The industrial production of radio products (mainly for military purposes) was launched in Siberia. However, the quality level of radio communication was low. Since the main efforts were aimed at meeting the needs of the front and the liberated regions the total power of the Siberian radio network has not yet been able to match a large territory of the region and the average power of broadcast transmitters has also remained low. Development of broadcast networks was primarily happened in cities. So, a significant disproportion between the density of radio coverage in urban and rural areas preserved and increased

Keywords:

telecommunication, radio broadcasting, radiotelegraph, ethereal and wired radio equipment, the Great Patriotic War, industrial evacuation, Siberian rear.

Vladimir V. Mirkin – Candidate of Sciences in History, Associate Professor,
Department of History and Records management,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4340-6281, e-mail: wwm@lenta.

1. Dobrovol'skii E.E. Razvitie radiosviazi i radioveshchaniia [Development of radio communication and broadcasting]. Vestnik Sviazi. Elektrosviaz',1946, no. 9, pp. 1-3.

2. Razvitie sviazi v SSSR. 1917-1967. [Development of communications in the USSR. 1917-1967]. Мoscow, Sviaz',1967, 479 p.

3. Barnaul. Entsiklopediia [Barnaul. Encyclopedia]. Barnaul, Altaiskii gosudarstvennyi universitet, 2000, 407 p.

4. Shevchenko V.N. Sozdanie oboronnoi promyshlennosti Krasnoiarskogo kraia v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (1941–1945 gg.) [Creation of the defense industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)]. Krasnoiarsk, Sibirskii gosudarstvennyi aerokosmicheskii universitet imeni akademika M.F. Reshetneva, 2005, 194 p.

5. Pakhomova N.V. Oboronnaia promyshlennost' Vostochnoi Sibiri v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny 1941–1945 gg. [Defense industry of Eastern Siberia during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945]. Krasnoiarsk, Sibirskii federal'nyi universitet, 2012, 160 p.

6. Savitskii I.M. Formirovanie kadrov oboronnoi promyshlennosti Novosibirskoi oblasti v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Formation of personnel in the defense industry of the Novosibirsk region during the Great Patriotic War]. Zapadnaia Sibir' v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine (1941 - 1945 gg.). Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Novosibirsk, Nauka-Tsentr, 2004, pp. 3-35.

7. Simonov N.S. Nesostoiavshaiasia informatsionnaia revoliutsiia: usloviia i tendentsii razvitiia v SSSR elektronnoi promyshlennosti i sredstv massovoi kommunikatsii. Chast' 1. 1940–1960s. [Failed Information Revolution: Conditions and Trends in the Development of the Electronic Industry and Mass Communications in the USSR. Part 1. 1940 - 1960s.]. Moscow, Russkii Fond Sodeistviia Obrazovaniiu i Nauke, 2013, 280 p.

8. Proizvodstvennii otchet Narodnogo komissariata sviazi Soiuza SSR o deiatel'nosti za 1941 god (oblastnoi razrez) [Production report of the Commissariat of Communications of the USSR on the activities for 1941 (regional section)]. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv ekonomiki (RGAE), f. 3527, op. 17, d. 943.

9. Ziablitseva S.V. Radioveshchanie v informatsionnom prostranstve Zapadnoi Sibiri perioda Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Radio broadcasting in the information space of Western Siberia during the Great Patriotic War]. Vestnik Cheliabinskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Istoriia, 2011, vol. 46, no. 22 (237), pp. 66-70.

10. Potapova O.Ia. Perestroika raboty predpriiatii sviazi v nachal'nyi period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Restructuring of the work of communications enterprises in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War]. Istoricheskie aspekty ekonomicheskogo, kul'turnogo i sotsial'nogo razvitiia Sibiri. Novosibirsk, Sibirskoe otdelenie Akademii nauk SSSR, 1978, vol.2, pp. 163-168.

11. Otchet o rabote organov sviazi za 1942 god [Report on the work of the communications authorities for 1942]. RGAE, f. 3527, op. 17, d. 1037.

12. Poiasnitel'naia zapiska k svodnomu godovomu otchetu po radiofikatsii Novosibirskoi oblasti (vmeste s Kemerovskoi) [1942 g.] [Explanatory note to the consolidated annual report on the radioification of the Novosibirsk region (together with the Kemerovo region) [1942]]. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Novosibirskoi oblasti (GANO), f. r–151, op. 1, d. 266.

13. «Kogda zhe zagovorit radio?» ["When will the radio start talking?"]. Sovetskaia Sibir', 1942, no. 162, 12 July, p. 2.

14. «Pogovorim o radio…» ["Let's talk about radio ..."]. Sovetskaia Sibir', 1944, no. 253, 23 December, p. 2.

15. Proizvodstvennyi otchet Narodnogo komissariata sviazi Soiuza SSR za 1943 god [Production report of the Commissariat of Communications of the USSR for 1943]. RGAE, f. 3527, op. 17, d. 1300.

16. Potapova O.Ia. Razvitie sredstv sviazi Zapadnoi Sibiri v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Development of communication facilities in Western Siberia during the Great Patriotic War]. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov kafedr obshchestvennykh nauk, posviashchennyi 50-letiiu Sovetskoi vlasti. Leningrad, 1967, pp. 143-152.

17. Stenogramma oblastnogo soveshchaniia rabotnikov sviazi. 25 iiulia 1943 g. [Transcript of the regional meeting of communications workers. July 25, 1943]. GANO, f. r-1179,op. 1,d. 104.

18. Otchet o rabote organov sviazi za 1945 god [Report on the work of the communications authorities for 1945]. RGAE,
f. 3527,op. 17,d. 1591.

19. Istoriia elektrosviazi Tomskoi oblasti (ot proshlogo k nastoyashchemu) [The history of telecommunications in the Tomsk region (from the past to the present)]. Tomsk, Spektr, 2000, 440 p.

20. Sergeichuk K.Ia. Za vysokoe kachestvo ekspluatatsii, za bespereboinoe deistvie sredstv elektricheskoi sviazi (Iz doklada na soveshchanii glavnykh inzhenerov oblastnykh, kraevykh i respublikanskikh upravlenii NKSvyazi, 26 yanvarya 1945 g.) [For the high quality of operation, for the uninterrupted operation of electrical communications (From a report at a meeting of chief engineers of regional and republican directorates of Commissariat of Communications, 26 January 1945.)]. Vestnik Sviazi. Elektrosviaz', 1945, no. 1, pp. 1-3.

21. Bezladnov N.L., Gertsenshtein B.Ia. Provodnoe veshchanie v SSSR [Wired broadcasting in the USSR]. Vestnik Sviazi. Elektrosviaz', 1948, no. 5, pp. 5-6.

Organization of the state and private goods evacuation, its placement in the rear regions of the country was an important and complex task for the authorities of all levels. In the process of evacuation, during the change of the points of goods delivery, the movement in the most difficult conditions of 1941, the loss of accompanying forms by virtue of a number of reasons, and at the same time the rapid deployment of evacuated enterprises and institutions in the rear it was necessary to organize the receipt and use of the undocumented goods. The evacuation of population was accompanied by sending luggage with personal home property as it was designated in the documents. At the same time the luggage was not always arrived at the destination or citizens were placed in the planned place of evacuation. Originally all these problems were regulated by the Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 1869-84 from July 15, 1941 "On the points of discharge of the astray-evacuated cargo from the immediate battle area". After that evacuation bases were founded in a number of large rear cities. Their activity was regulated by the Decrees of the USSR CPC, the orders of the USSR SPC, the Council for the evacuation of the USSR. The Molotov base of the astray-evacuated cargo was formed on July 21, 1941 as a part of the regional executive committee and continued its activity until August 20, 1943. The base realized a receipt, segregation, assessment and storage of evacuated cargo from the immediate battle area which did not have a certain recipient or accompanying forms. The base carried out the distribution, implementation and vacation of property and goods to enterprises in the territory of Molotov region, carried out storage, search for the owners and sending the property to the citizens. The main sources for studying the work of the Evacobase were the documents of the R-353 Foundation "Molotov Base of Astray-Evacuated Cargo under the Executive Committee of the Molotov Regional Council of Deputies of Workers, Molotov" (State Archive of the Perm Territory). The total set of documents concerning the base functioning including basic documents, book-keeping and order ones, as well as documents on the base personnel makes possible to study various aspects of evacuation and placement of goods of enterprises and property of citizens.

Keywords:

evacuation, Evacobaza, Base of astray-evacuated cargo, register, plant, Molotov region, Rear, Great Patriotic War, homemade property.

Yulia A. Kashaeva – Candidate of Sciences in Politics, Associate Professor,
Department of Public Administration and History, Deputy Director of the State
Archives of Perm krai (in the Field of Science), ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0102-3373,
e-mail: jkashaeva@mail.ru.

1. Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Permskogo Kraia (GAPK), f. r-353, op. 1, d. 2.
2. Churikov A.V. Evakuatsiia predpriiatii tiazheloi promyshlennosti na Iuzhnyi Ural v rakurse arkhivnykh dokumentov [Evacuation of heavy industry enterprises to the South Urals from the perspective of archival documents]. Arkhiv kak istochnik istoricheskoi pamiati naroda: Proceedings of the Scientific and Practical Conference, k 95-letiiu arkhivnoi sluzhby Cheliabinskoi oblasti. Cheliabinsk, 2016, pp. 187–196.
3. Okolotin V.S. Obsluzhivanie i razmeshchenie evakuirovannogo naseleniia v Ivanovskoi oblasti (iiun' – dekabr' 1941 g.) [Provision of services and accommodation of the evacuated population in the ivanovo region (june - december 1941)]. Ivanovo State University Bulletin Series «The Humanities», 2016, no. 4, pp. 84–94.
4. GAPK, f. r-353, op. 1, d. 3.
5. GAPK, f. r-353, op. 1, d. 43.
6. GAPK, f. r-476, op. 2, d. 3682.
7. GAPK, f. r-353, op. 1, d. 4.
8. GAPK, f. r-353, op. 1, d. 1.
9. Alikina N.A., Gorovaia I.G. Revoliutsionery Prikam'ia: 150 biografii deiatelei revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia, rabotavshikh v Prikam'e [Revolutionaries of the Kama region: 150 biographies of the leaders of the revolutionary movement who worked in the Kama region]. Partiinyi arkhiv Permskogo obkoma KPSS, Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Permskoioblasti, Permskii universitet im. A.M. Gor'kogo, Permskii oblastnoi kraevedcheskii muzei. Perm', Permskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1966, 823 p.
10.  GAPK, f. r-564, op. 11, d. 405.
11.  Permskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial'no-Politicheskoi Istorii, f. 105, op. 262, d. 342.
12.  GAPK, f. r-353, op. 1, d. 26.
13. Postanovlenie SNK SSSR № 1961ot 10 avgusta 1941 g. «O poriadke raschetov po realizatsii bezdokumentnykh gruzov i o soderzhanii postoiannykh i vremennykh baz» [Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 1961 dated August 10, 1941 "On the procedure for settlements for the sale of paperless cargo and on the maintenance of permanent and temporary bases"], available at: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=ESU&n=48088#029248630450927227 (assecced 20.01.2021).
14. Potemkina M.N. Narusheniia zakonnosti v khode evakuatsii naseleniia i oborudovaniia promyshlennykh predpriiatii v 1941–1942 gg. [Violations of the Law during the Evacuation of the Population and Industrial Equipment in 1941–1942]. Historia Provinciae – The Journal of Regional History, 2020, vol. 4, no 2, pp. 307–339.
15. GAPK, f. r-353, op. 1, d. 22.
16. GAPK, f. r-564, op.4, d. 77.
17. GAPK, f. r-353, op. 1, d. 31.
18.  Potemkina M.P. Otdely po khozustroistvu – vazhneishee zveno upravleniia mekhanizma evakonaseleniem v sovetskom tylu [Departments for household management - the most important link in the management of the mechanism of evacuation in the Soviet rear]. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul'tury, 2003, pp. 409–414.
19. Postanovlenie SNK SSSR za № 1494 ot 6 avgusta 1942 g. «O poriadke realizatsii lichnogo imushchestva grazhdan, nakhodiashchikhsia na bazakh bezdokumentnykh gruzov». [Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 1494 of August 6, 1942 "On the procedure for the sale of personal property of citizens who are at the bases of non-documentary cargo."], available at: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=ESU&n=48154#007261988673531894 (assecced 20.01.2021).
20. GAPK, f. r-353, op. 1, d. 38.
21. GAPK, f. r-564, op.4, d. 71.
22. GAPK, f. r- 3, op. 1, d. 84.
23. GAPK, f. r-353, op. 1, d. 74.

The article is devoted to studying Russian Bulgarians living in the Urals in the 1940s with the help of archive materials of the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions as well as Perm Krai. During the Great Patriotic War the USS Rcitizens of Bulgarian origin, like many other peoples, were subject to repressions which meant enrollment in labour army and deporting every single Bulgarian of the Crimea. As a result of the semeasures, a significant number of Bulgarians were moved to the territory of the modern Urals. The deported Bulgarians settled in areas of logging (forest exploitation) in the north of Molotov and Sverdlovsk regions, and members of the labour army were employed in the trust organization «Chelyabmetallurgstroi».

The Bulgarians were deported along with other peoples of the Crimea. They did not form compact settlement in the new areas but managed to preserve their traditional culture. Some families were even able to organize permanent lodging in the Urals, pursue a career and contribute to the development of the region.

The author is convinced that the judicial legal documents kept in archives as well as field trip research results may serve as a significant but not sufficiently appreciated source of investigating the history of deporting Russian Bulgarians. The topicality of the sources grew after the year 2020 when the 75-years’ period of storing documents of the year 1945 expired. Autobiographies, biographic information, interrogation protocols enable to obtain a detailed reconstruction of deportation circumstances and the process of enrollment into labour army, and to see these events through the prism of the repressed people themselves.

Researching the history of repression, inparticular – repression of the Bulgarians – has revealed how complex and controversial the policy of the soviet state towards certain peoples during the Great Patriotic War was.

Keywords:

the Bulgarians, migration, deportation, the Great Patriotic War, the Urals, ethno-disperse groups.

Mikhail S. Kamenskikh – Candidate of Sciences in History,
Senior Researcher, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4041-086X,
e-mail: pomidorrr@mail.ru.

1. Bugai N.F. 40-50-e gg.: posledstviia deportatsii narodov (svidetel'stvuiut arkhivy NKVD-MVD SSSR) [40-50-ies: the consequences of the deportation of peoples (evidenced by the archives of the NKVD-Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR)]. Istoriia SSSR, 1992, no. 1, pp. 122-133.

2. Chernykh A.V., Kamenskikh M.S., Belavin A.M. Etnicheskaia istoriia Permskogo kraia [Ethnic history of the Perm region]. Narody Permskogo kraia: etnicheskaia istoriia i sovremennoe etnokul'turnoe razvitie. Slovar'-spravochnik. Saint Petersburg, Mamatov, 2014. pp. 39-82.

3. Itogi perepisi naseleniia v Krymskom federal'nom okruge. Ofitsial'noe izdanie [Results of the population census in the Crimean Federal District. Official edition]. Moscow, Informatsionno-izdatel'skii tsentr "Statistika Rossii", 2015, 279 p.

4. Vserossiskaia perepis` naseleniia 2010. Tom 4. Natsional'nyi sostav i vladenie iazykami, grazhdanstvo [All-Russian census date 2010. National composition and knowledge of languages, citizenship], available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_ itogi1612.htm (accessed 20 December 2020).

5. Pervaia vseobshchaia perepis' naseleniia Rossiiskoi Imperii 1897 g. Raspredelenie naseleniia po rodnomu iazyku, guberniaam i oblastiam [The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897.Distribution of the population in the native language, provinces and regions], available at: http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php (accessed 20 December 2020).

6. Kalashinkova S.V. Krymskie bolgary: osnovnye etapy istoricheskogo razvitiia (seredina XVIII – nachalo XXI veka [Crimean Bulgarians: the main stages of historical development (mid-XVIII – early XXI century]: Ph. D. thesis. Moscow, 2012, 259 p.

7. Bugai N.F. Deportatsiia narodov Kryma: dokumenty, fakty, kommentarii [Deportation of the peoples of Crimea: documents, facts, comments]. Moscow, Insan, 2002, 240 p.

8. Bugai N.F. L.Beriia – I. Stalinu: «SoglasnoVashemu Ukazaniiu...». [Beria – to I. Stalin: "According to your instructions ..."]. Moscow, Assotsiatsiia issledovatelei rossiiskogo obshchestva-XX, 1995, 320 p.

9. Matveev O.V. Bolgary Temriukskogo raiona (po itogam polevogo sezona 2004 g.) [Bulgarians of Temryuk region (based on the results of the 2004 field season)]. Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference «Mezhnatsional'nye otnosheniia v Krasnodare na sovremennom etape: perspektivy ustoichivogo razvitiia (podkhody k resheniiu obshcherossiiskoi problemy. Krasnodar, Kubanskii gosudarstvennyi universitet, 2005, pp. 86-101.

10. Chernykh A.V., Kamenskikh M.S., Khristov P.P. Bolgary v regionakh Urala v 1920-1930-e gody: formirovanie i razvitie etnodispersnoi gruppy [Bulgarians in the regions of the Urals in the 1920s-1930s: the formation and development of an ethnodispersed group]. Voprosy Istorii, 2020, no. 10 (1), pp. 187-198.

11. Chernykh A.V., Kliaus V.L., Kliaus M.P., Kamenskikh M.S. Bolgarskoe soobshchestvo Permskogo kraia: formirovanie, rasselenie, chislennost' [The Bulgarian community of the Perm region: formation, resettlement, number]. Permskii federal'nyi issledovatel'skii tsentr Ural'skogo otdeleniia Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, 2020, no. 1, pp. 88-96.

12. Filipova M. P., Chernykh A. V., Kamenskikh M. S. Bolgary Permi: istoriia i kul'tura [Bulgarians of Perm: history and culture]. Saint Petersburg, Mamatov, 2018, 64 p.

13. Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR [Victims of political terror in the USSR], available at: https://base.memo.ru/ (accessed 01 March 2021).

14. Bakal'skii ITL. (Bakalstroi, Bakallag) [Bakalsky ITL. (Bakalstroy, Bakallag)], available at: http://old.memo.ru/history/nkvd/ gulag/r3/r3-22.htm (accessed 01 March 2021).

15. Kniga pamiati trudarmeitsev tresta «CHELIABMETALLURGSTROI» [Book of memory of the labor army of the trust "CHELYABMETALLURGSTROY"], available at: https://archive74.ru/dbases/rvk/index (accessed 01 March 2021).

16. Uzunov Dmitrii Dmitrievich. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Sverdlovskoi oblasti, f. r.1, op. 2, d. 69686.

17. Skarlat Afanasii Dmitrievich. Ob"edinennyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Cheliabinskoi oblasti, f. r-467, op. 4, d. 1352.

18. Galiurov Fedor Zinov`evich. Permskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii (PermGASPI), f. 641/1, op. 1, d.5973.

19. Postanovlenie Gosudarstvennogo komiteta oborony № GOKO-5984 ss «O vyselenii s territorii Krymskoi ASSR bolgar, grekov i armian» [Resolution of the State Defense Committee No. GOKO-5984 ss "On the eviction of Bulgarians, Greeks and Armenians from the territory of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"]. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii, f.r.-9401, op. 2, d. 65.

20. Vesnin A. Vypolniaia prikaz [Fulfilling the order]. Iunost`,1989,no. 8, p. 70.

21. Zachem i za chto [Why and for what]. Izvor, 2004, no. 12 (66), pp. 4-5.

22. Mitrokhin V. Zhivitsa ili dolgaia doroga domoi [Zhivitsa or a long road home]. Izvor, 2003, no. 6 (60), pp. 4-5.

23. Antoniuk L., Nechaeva I., Radeva L. Polevye materialy avtorskogo kollektiva [Own materials of the group of authors]. Simferopol, 2018.

24. Pisaroglo Petr Fedorovich. PermGASPI, f. 643/2, op. 1, d. 25382.

The study of aspect prisoners of war in the restoration of the USSR industry during the Great Patriotic War arouses scientific interest of native historiography. Contradictory opinions and assessment of foreign prisoners of war contribution to the restoration of the USSR industrial facilities accentuate the relevance of the topic. The study of this issue at the regional level arouses great interest. The practical significance of the topic lies in the fact that, firstly, it is the material for further study of the problem of foreign prisoners of war on the territory of the Central Chernozemye Region, and secondly, it can be used as the material for the examination of a number of topics on the history of prisoners of war during the Great Patriotic War at government level.

During the Great Patriotic War the front line passed through the territory of the Central Chernozemye Region (summer 1942 – winter 1943). Kursk and a part of Voronezh region were occupied by Nazi troops. In the second half of 1942 the first production camps for foreign prisoners of war were established in the Central Chernozemye Region. The increase in the number of camps, the number of prisoners of war and their involvement in production began in 1943. The main reason for the use of prisoners of war labor was, first of all, associated with a sharp increase in the number of prisoners of war after the Battle of Stalingrad; and secondly, with a shortage of manpower.

In the first months of the camps operation the involvement of prisoners of war in the work remained low. But in the second half of 1944 it began the massive use of prisoners of war labor. Their labor included restoration work in all industries of the Central Chernozemye Region. By the end of the war prisoners of war had been recruited to work according to their civil specialties.

Despite the active use of prisoners of war labor as a part of the complex of restoration measures in the Central Chernozemye Region their contribution was insignificant in comparison with the material damage caused.

The article, based on the analysis of archival materials and historical literature, as well as on the historical-comparative, systemic, statistical and other methods of scientific research, shows the contribution of foreign prisoners of war to the restoration of industrial facilities in the Central Chernozyom region during the Great Patriotic War.

Keywords:

prisoners of war, camps of the UPVI NKVD, counterparty point, Central Chernozemye Region, industrial enterprises, labor use, labor contract

Natalia V. Shabelnik – Candidate of Sciences in History,
Associate Professor, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5757-6280,
e-mail: dnshdimmm@gmail.com.

1. Russkii arkhiv: Velikaia Otechestvennaia. Inostrannye voennoplennyeVtoroi mirovoi voiny v SSSR [Russian archive: Great Patriotic War. Foreign prisoners of war of the Second World War in the USSR]. Moscow, Terra, 1996, vol. 24 (13), 560 p.

2. Voennoplennye SSSR 1939–1956 gg. Dokumenty i materialy [Prisoners of war of the USSR 1939-1956. Documents and materials]. Ed. M.M. Zagorul'ko. Moscow, Logos, 2000, 1120 p.

3. Konasov V.B. Sud'by nemetskikh voennoplennykh v SSSR: diplomaticheskie, pravovye I politicheskie aspekty problemy. Ocherki I dokumenty [The fate of German prisoners of war in the USSR: diplomatic, legal and political aspects of the problem. Essays and documents]. Vologda, 1996, 320 p.

4. Problemy voennogo plena: Istoriia i sovremennost' [Problems of War Captivity: History and Modernity]. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, 23-25 October 1997. In 2 parts. Vologda, 1997.

5. Tragediia voiny - tragediia plena [Tragedy of war - tragedy of captivity]. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, posviashchennoi 55-letiiu obrazovaniia antifashistskikh organizatsii voennoplennykh v SSSR I perspektivam razvitiia muzeia "Tragediia plena". Moscow-Krasnogorsk, 1999, 350 p.

6. Konasov V.B. Politika sovetskogo gosudarstva v otnoshenii nemetskikh voennoplennykh (1941–1956 gg.) [The policy of the Soviet state in relation to German prisoners of war (1941-1956)]. Doctor’s degree dissertation. Moscow, 1998, 507 p.

7. Baranova N.V. Material'nyi ushcherb, nanesennyi promyshlennosti Verkhnego Povolzh'ia v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i privlechenie k ee vosstanovleniiu nemetskikh voennoplennykh (1941-1949 gg.) [Material damage caused to the industry of the Upper Volga region during the Great Patriotic War and the involvement of German prisoners of war in its restoration (1941-1949)]. Ph. D. thesis. Iaroslavl', 1998, 214 p.

8. Surzhikova N.V. Inostrannye voennoplennye Vtoroi mirovoi voiny na Srednem Urale (1942 — 1956 gg.) [Foreign prisoners of war of the Second World War in the Middle Urals (1942 - 1956)]. Ph. D. thesis. Ekaterinburg, 2001, 297 p.

9 Rozhkova E.K. Inostrannye voennoplennye i internirovannye na Iuzhnom Urale v 1943 - 1950 gg.) [Foreign prisoners of war and internees in the South Urals in 1943 - 1950)]. Ph. D. thesis. Orenburg, 2002, 201 p.

10. Denisova N.V. Promyshlennost' oblastei Tsentral'nogo Chernozem'ia v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (1941–1945 gg.) [Industry of the Central Black Earth Region during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)]. Ph. D. thesis. Voronezh, 2003, 189 p.

11. Markdorf N.M. Inostrannye voennoplennye I internirovannye v Zapadnoi Sibiri: 1943-1956 gg. [Foreign prisoners of war and internees in Western Siberia: 1943-1956]. Doctor’s degree dissertation. Moscow, 2012, 589 p.

12. Sidorov S.G. Trud voennoplennykh v SSSR. 1939 - 1956 gg. [Labor of prisoners of war in the USSR. 1939 - 1956]. Volgograd, Volgogradskii gosudarstvennyi universitet, 2001, 508 p.

13. Ukraintsev A.M. Prinuditel'nyi trud v SSSR: ot administrativno-mobilizatsionnoi do penitentsiarnoi sistemy [Forced labor in the USSR: from the administrative-mobilization system to the penitentiary system]. Vestnik Kurganskoi Gosudarstvennoi Sel'skokhoziaistvennoi Akademii Imeni T.S. Mal'tseva, 2012, no. 2(2), pp. 78-81.

14. Denisova N.V. Uchastie inostrannykh voennoplennykh v vosstanovlenii promyshlennosti Tsentral'nogo Chernozem'ia v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Participation of foreign prisoners of war in the restoration of the industry of the Central Black Earth Region during the Great Patriotic War]. «Verkhnii i Srednii Don v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine»: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, posviashchennaia 60-letiiu Pobedy. Voronezh, 2005.

15. Piankevich I.V. Uchastie inostrannykh voennoplennykh v vosstanovlenii narodnogo khoziaistva Leningrada I Leningradskoi oblasti. 1944-1949 gg. [Participation of foreign prisoners of war in the restoration of the national economy of Leningrad and the Leningrad region. 1944-1949]. Proceedings of the Faculty of History, Saint Petersburg University. Saint Petersburg, 2015, no. 21, pp. 283-290.

16. Direktivnyye ukazaniya, instruktsii ob uchete, otchetnosti, dvizhenii, rezhime soderzhaniya voyennoplennykh. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voennyi arkhiv (RGVA), f. 1/p, op. 1/i, d. 9, ll. 25, 26, 27.

17. RGVA, f.1/p, op 11-a, d. 5, l. 38.

18. RGVA, f.1/p, op, 11-a, d. 6, l. 32 (ob).

19. RGVA, f.1/p, op. 1/i, d. 9, ll. 11, 28, 35.

20. RGVA, f.1/p, op. 3-i, d.2, l. 18.

21. RGVA, f.1/p, op. 3-i, d.2, ll. 136, 137.

22. RGVA, f.1/p, op. 11-a, d. 6. ll, 32(ob), 150, 249, d. 9, l. 177.

23. Gosudarstvennyi arkhivTambovskoi oblasti (GATO), f. r-4148, op. 1, d. 14, l. 225.

24. GATO, f. r-3444, op. 1, d. 27, ll. 44, 44(ob), 45; f. r-4148, op. 1, d. 14, ll. 4, 7.

25. GATO, f. r-4148, op. 1, d. 14, ll. 146, 151.

26. GATO, f. r-4148, op. 1, d. 14, ll. 95, 95(ob).

27. RGVA, f.1/p, op. 3-i, d. 10, l. 74; f.1/p, op. 11-a, d. 8, l. 262; d. 9, l. 188; d. 6, l. 150; op. 9v, d. 41, l. 320.

28. GATO, f. r-4148, op.1, d. 14, ll. 34,42,45, 63, 86, 105, 117, 151, 168.

29. RGVA, f. 1/p, op. 9v, d. 17, ll. 199, 207, 213, 353–355; op. 11-a, d. 6, ll. 249, 249(ob), 250.

30. IC GUVD VO, f. 4, op.18-a, poriadkovyi № 4, vol. 1, l. 23.

31. RGVA, f. 1/p, op. 9v, d. 41, ll. 205, 246; f. 1/p, op. 3-i, d. 2, ll, 12, 29, 53, 61.

Participation of Leningrad scientists, industrial workers and representatives of other institutions of this city in creation of various components of machines and technical products which assisted in realization of historical space flight of the first manned spacecraft “Vostok” with the citizen of the USSR, major Yury Alekseevich Gagarin has been analyzed in the article. Leningrad citizens – representatives of different professions and specialties, such as opticians, biophysicists, specialties of radio and telecommunication engineering, mathematicians and scientists of gas dynamics, chemistry, digital machinery and others participated in preparation of the first space flight.

The author of the article mentions such Leningrad enterprises, scientific establishments and higher institutions as Leningrad metal plant, M.I. Kalinin’s plant, mathematical institute named after V.A. Steklov AS USSR, physical-technological institute named after A.F. Yoffe AS USSR, State optical institute named after S.I. Vavilov, SRI-195, now the Institute of radio navigation and time, State institute of applied chemistry, AUSRI of Television, special design offices (OKB-448, STKB “Biophyspribor”). The role of Leningrad higher institutions, namely Petr Velikyi Polytechnic University, Leningrad University named after A.A. Zhdanov; Leningrad holding the Order of the Red Banner Air Force Academy named after A.F. Mozhaisky has also been emphasized in the considered processes. It has been analyzed technological innovations, technical devices and technological decisions of Leningrad citizens participated in preparation and realization of the first manned space flight. It is named those scientists and industrial workers who participated in their production as well as those who were awarded State Prizes according to the results of Yu. A. Gagarin’s space flight. It has been mentioned that in definite cases necessary for the flight technics or technical devices were manufactured at the enterprises of the city and tested at the plants ground. Such specific form of Leningrad citizens’ participation in preparing the first manned space flight as the work of one of the teachers from the Air Force Academy aimed at the radio techniques training the Orenburg flight school cadets in the second half 0f 1950s has also been described in the article. Just at that time Yury Gagarin studied in this school.

Keywords:

instrumental equipment, optical device, problem NIR and OKR, mechanical braking, heat isolation coating, television system “Seliger”, ground-based equipment, digital device, manned space flight, Yu.A. Gagarin, S.P. Korolyov, spacecraft “Vostok”. 

Valerij N. Kupriyanov – Corresponding Member, e-mail: kuvnik@yandex.ru.

 Alexander V. Losik – Doctor of Sciences in History,
Professor, Senior Researcher.

1. Osnovnye daty zhizni i deiatel`nosti akademika V.P. Glushko [The main dates of the life and work of Academician V. P. Glushko]. Moscow, Nauchno-proizvodstvennoe ob"edinenie Energomash imeni akademika V.P. Glushko, 1998, 21 p.
2.  Sivolodskii E.A. Odnazhdy i navsegda… Kniga o Valentine Petroviche Glushko. [Once and for all… The book about Valentin Petrovich Glushko]. Moscow, Mashinostroenie, 1998, 632 p.
3. Gerasimov A.I. Uchastie GOI im. S.I. Vavilova v obespechenii deiatel`nosti Iu.A. Gagarina kak operatora v kosmicheskom polete [Participation of the S. I. Vavilov GOI in ensuring the activities of Yu. A. Gagarin as an operator in space flight]. Gagarinskii sbornik. Proceedings of the XXXI obshhestvenno-nauchnykh chtenii, posviashhennykh pamiati Iu.A. Gagarina. Part 1. Gagarin, 2005, 368 p.
4. Furmakov E.F. Raboty OKB-448 po sozdaniiu navigatsionnogo indikatora pervogo pilotiruemogo kosmicheskogo korablia «Vostok» [OKB-448 works on the creation of the navigation indicator of the first manned spacecraft "Vostok"]. Proceedings of the XI International Sympozium po istorii aviatsii i kosmonavtiki, posviashchennyi 40-letiiu nachala kosmicheskoi ery. Tezisy dokladov. Moscow, Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki imeni S.I. Vavilova RAN, 1997, 152 p.
5. Markova L.P. Vklad OAO «Tekhnopribor» v razvitie aviatsionnogo i kosmicheskogo priborostroeniia [Contribution of JSC "Technopribor" to the development of aviation and space instrumentation]. Proceedings of the XII International Sympozium po istorii aviatsii i kosmonavtiki. Tezisy dokladov. Moscow, IIET RAN, 1999, 164 p.
6. Korolev S.P. Issledovanie verkhnikh sloev atmosfery s pomoshchiu raket dal`nego deistviia [Exploring the upper atmosphere with long-range rockets]. Tvorcheskoe nasledie akademika Sergeia Pavlovicha Koroleva. Izbrannye trudy i dokumenty. Ed. M.V. Keldysha. Moscow, Nauka, 1980, 592 p.
7. Chentsov N.N. M.V Keldysh - chelovek i uchenyi [M. V. Keldysh - a man and a scientist]. Tvorcheskii portret po vospominaniiam sovremennikov. Moscow, Nauka, 2001, 400 p.
8. Karmanov V.I. Akademik S.P. Korolev. Uchenyi, inzhener, chelovek [Academician S. P. Korolev. Scientist, engineer, human]. Tvorcheskii portret po vospominaniiam sovremennikov. Ed. akademik A.Iu. Ishlinskii. Moscow, Nauka, 1986, 520 p.
9. D`iakov B.B., Studenkov A.M., Iurii Aleksandrovich Dunaev. Nauchnaia biografiia, zhizn` i sud`ba uchenogo. Vospominaniia o proshlom [Yuri Alexandrovich Dunaev. Scientific biography, life and fate of a scientist. Memories of the past]. Saint Petersburg, 2004, Fiziko-tekhnicheskii institut imeni A.F.Ioffe, 182 p.
10. Sokolova T.V., Zemnye epizody «kosmicheskikh del». Nenauchnye zapiski s liricheskimi otstupleniiami i bytovymi detaliami [Earth episodes of "cosmic affairs". Unscientific notes with lyrical digressions and everyday details]. Neva, 2003, no. 5, pp. 70 – 85.
11. Umbitaliev A.A., Tsytsulin A.K., Piat`desiat let kosmicheskogo televideniia [Fifty years of space television]. Voprosy Radioelektroniki, Seriia: Tekhnika Televideniia, 2009, iss.1, pp. 3 – 26.
12. Monakhov A.V. Iz istorii ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni konstruktorskogo tekhnologicheskogo biuro «Biofizpribor» [From the history of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the Biophizpribor Design and Technology Bureau]. Saint Petersburg, 2010, 92 p.
13.  Pervyi pilotiruemyi polet, Rossiiskaia kosmonavtika v arkhivnykh dokumentakh. V dvukh knigakh [The first manned flight, Russian cosmonautics in archival documents. In two books]. Ed. V.A. Davydova. Book 2. Federal`noe kosmicheskoe agentstvo. Moscow, Rodina MEDIA, 2011, 560 p.
14. Vasil`ev F.A. V tishi laboratorii Politekhnicheskogo… - K istorii stanovleniia «iadernoi knopki» Rossii [In the silence of the laboratories of the Polytechnic ... - On the history of the formation of the "nuclear button" of Russia]. Saint Petersburg, Izdatel`stvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta Petra Velikogo, 2003, 488 p.
15. Potekhin V.E. Zvezdnyi roscherk Politekhnikov [Star stroke of Polytechnics]. Politekhnik, 2011, 11 aprelia.
16. Kupriianov V.N. N.A. Begun – glavnyi konstruktor sistemy edinogo vremeni. Aktual`ny`e problemy rossiiskoi kosmonavtiki [N. A. Begun-chief designer of the unified time system. Current problems of Russian cosmonautics]. Pceedings of the XXXIII Akademicheskikh chtenii po kosmonavtike. Ed. A.K. Medvedeva. Komissiia Rossiiskoi Akademii nauk po razrabotke nauchnogo naslediia pionerov osvoeniia kosmicheskogo prostranstva. Moscow, 2009, 584 p.
17. Kupriianov V.N. Konstruktor SEV (K nauchnoi biografii Nikolaia Andreevicha Beguna) [Constructor SEB (To the scientific biography of Nikolai Andreevich Begun)]. Chetvertye Utkinskie chteniia. Pceedings of the International Scientific and Technical Conference. Baltiiskii Gosudarstvennyi tekhnicheskii universitet. Vestnik Brianskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tekhnicheskogo Universiteta, 2009, no.5, 260 p.
18. Kupriianov V.N. Sviatoslav Sergeevich Lavrov, soratnik S.P. Koroleva [Svyatoslav Sergeevich Lavrov, associate of S.P. Korolev]. Sankt-Peterburgskii universitet, 2008, 28 marta.
19. Grafskii V.M. Podvig vo slavu Rodiny [Feat for the glory of the Motherland]. Nezaby`vaemy`i Baikonur. Ed. K.V.Gerchika. Moscow, Tipografiia «Tekhnika molodezhi», 1998, 591 p.
20. Korshunov A. Rozhdenie startovoi sistemy [The birth of the launch system]. Kosmodrom Baikonur v nachale puti. Ocherk ob ispytateliakh i spetsialistakh kosmodroma Baikonur. Baikonur, Tsentral`nyi Sovet veteranov kosmodroma Baikonur, 1992, 170 p.
21. Chertok B.E. Rakety i liudi [Rockets and people.]. Podlipki - Kapustin Iar – Tiuratam. Moscow, RTSoft, 2006, 656 p.
22. Leningradskii metallicheskii zavod (Persony). Sait: Istoriia mashinostroeniia, available at: http://­powermus.fa.ms1.ru/plants/lmz/museum/persny/1946-2000/vasile-vasili-ivanovich (accessed 26 March 2021),
23. Kupriianov V.N. Iurii Gagarin i Peterburg – Petrograd – Leningrad [Yuri Gagarin and Petersburg - Petrograd – Leningrad]. Kosmicheskie adresa Sankt-Peterburga. Severnaia stolitsa v istorii kosmonavtiki i raketnoi tekhniki. Ed. M.N. Okhochinskii. Saint Petersburg, Baltiiskii gosudarstvennyi tekhnicheskii universitet «VOENMEKh» imeni D.F. Ustinova, 2018, 720 p.
24. Goncharevskii V.S. Iurii Gagarin – kursant, letchik, kosmonavt [Yuri Gagarin - cadet, pilot, cosmonaut]. «Informatsiia i Kosmos», 2001, no. 1, pp. 14–17.
25. Iurii Gagarin. Ot kursanta do leitenanta [Yuri Gagarin. From cadet to lieutenant]. Orenburgskoe voenno-aviatsionnoe uchilishhe letchikov. Pceedings of the sektsii istorii kosmonavtiki i raketnoi tekhniki. Ed. V.N. Kupriianov, M.N. Okhochinskii. Saint Petersburg, Baltiiskii tekhnicheskii gosudarstvennyi universitett, 2018, iss. 3, 236 p.

The article is devoted to the history of the peasants’ everyday life in 1919. The basis is archival documents presenting four criminal cases: two murders, torture and malfeasance. Using comparative historical and typological methods the author showed how peasants from different districts of Perm province reacted to the events in the village. A causal analysis of the links between historical events made it possible to identify the general patterns of the considered social phenomena and processes among the peasantry.

The history of everyday life is relevant to this day. It is impossible to study historical facts without addressing this topic. The peasantry constituted the majority of the country's population, and therefore was a kind of indicator of the ongoing internal political changes in the country.

 The life of the peasants in each region of the country had its own characteristics. It depended on the natural and climatic conditions, the standard of living, and the social composition of the population. The civil war showed that interference in the life of peasants could change their social appearance. The war imbalanced the life of the village for a long time, destroyed social ties, and led to senseless human casualties.

The cited archival documents, in a way, are the episodes from peasants’ life in a certain period of time. As long as the author's goal was to convey the era of war the documents are given in the form in which they have survived to this day: with the preservation of spelling, punctuation and style. Due to the absence of editorial revision in them a picture of complex relationship in the village opens up the tragic events unfold with the forced participation of peasants. It becomes clear what the norm was for them and what was the main thing in their life - justice or legality.

The peasants’ attitude towards life and death had been changed during the Civil War. Life lost its value, and death began to be perceived as something ordinary and inevitable.

Keywords:

Civil war, peasantry, everyday life, desertion, archive, Bolshevism, criminal cases, assaultive offences.

Anzhela V. Dolgova – Candidate of Sciences in History, Associate Professor,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7859-3596, e-mail: angela_dol@mail.ru.

1. Bezgin V.B. Povsednevnyi mir russkoi krest`ianki perioda pozdnei imperii []. Moscow, Lomonosov, 2017, 248 p.

2. Bezgin V.B. Otmena prodovol`stvennoi razverstki v derevne i povstancheskoe dvizhenie v Tambovskoi gubernii []. Manuskript. Tambov, Gramota, 2020, no.10, pp. 11-14.

3. Buldakov V.P. Krasnaia smuta: priroda i posledstviia revolutsionnogo nasiliia []. Moscow, ROSSPEN: Fond "Prezidentskii tsentr B.N. El`tsina", 2010, 967 p.

4. Bagdasarian S.D. Byt, trud i sem'ia krest'ian epokhi nepa: istoricheskaia povsednevnost' uzhno-rossiiskoi derevni v 1920-e gody []. Novocherkassk, Lik, 2015, 312 p.

5. Kokoulin V. G. Povsednevnaia zhizn' Tomska v 1917-1919 godakh [], Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology, 2010, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 141-150.

6. Fediuk V.P. Rossiiskii obyvatel' v gody Grazhdanskoi voiny: sotsiokul'turnye aspekty povsednevnosti []. Iaroslavskii Pedagogicheskii Vestnik, 2015, no.3, pp. 132-318.

7. Shevelev D.N. Tomsk v gody grazhdanskoi voiny: vlast', obshchestvo, povsednevnost' []. Sud'ba regional'nogo tsentra v Rossii (k 400-letiiu g. Tomska). Ministerstvo obrazovaniia i nauki Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Tomskii gosudarstvennyi universitet. Tomsk, Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo universiteta, 2005, pp.82-87.

8. Polivina M.A. Osveshchenie periodicheskoi pechat'iu frontovoi povsednevnosti na Severnom Kavkaze v gody grazhdanskoi voiny 1917-1920 gg. [], Politematicheskii Setevoi Elektronnyi Nauchnyi Zhurnal Kubanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Agrarnogo Universiteta, 2013, no. 93, pp. 1072-1084.

9. Delo po obvineniiu Vlasova P.A., Machikhina A.V. i Stolbova I.P., grazhdan Nasadskoi volosti, v zarytii v zemlyu ranenogo kommunista []. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Permskogo kraya (GAPK), f. r-49, op.1, d. 308.

10. Delo po obvineniiu chlenov operativnykh troek pri Osinskom uezdkomdezertire Ryzhikova, Mashkina, Bakhareva, Shadrina i dr. v nezakonnykh rasstrelakh grazhdan, istiazaniiakh arestovannykh, konfiskatsii imushhestva grazhdan []. GAPK, f. r-49, op.3, d. 380.

11. Delo po obvineniiu Olina N.F., nachal`nika otriada po bor`be s dezertirstvom, v prestuplenii po dolzhnosti []. GAPK, f. r-49, op.1, d. 466.

12. Delo po obvineniiu Kochegina S.N., v istiazanii Nevolinoi S. []. GAPK, f. r-49, op.1, d. 320.